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1.
Jacqueline A. Sullivan 《Synthese》2010,177(2):151-164
The Morris water maze has been put forward in the philosophy of neuroscience as an example of an experimental arrangement
that may be used to delineate the cognitive faculty of spatial memory (e.g., Craver and Darden, Theory and method in the neurosciences,
University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2001; Craver, Explaining the brain: Mechanisms and the mosaic unity of neuroscience, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007). However, in the experimental and review literature on the water maze throughout the history of its use, we encounter numerous
responses to the question of “what” phenomenon it circumscribes ranging from cognitive functions (e.g., “spatial learning”,
“spatial navigation”), to representational changes (e.g., “cognitive map formation”) to terms that appear to refer exclusively
to observable changes in behavior (e.g., “water maze performance”). To date philosophical analyses of the water maze have
not been directed at sorting out what phenomenon the device delineates nor the sources of the different answers to the question
of what. I undertake both of these tasks in this paper. I begin with an analysis of Morris’s first published research study
using the water maze and demonstrate that he emerged from it with an experimental learning paradigm that at best circumscribed
a discrete set of observable changes in behavior. However, it delineated neither a discrete set of representational changes
nor a discrete cognitive function. I cite this in combination with a reductionist-oriented research agenda in cellular and
molecular neurobiology dating back to the 1980s as two sources of the lack of consistency across the history of the experimental
and review literature as to what is under study in the water maze. 相似文献
2.
Bickle J 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(2):468-Consciousness
Social cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and neuroethics have reached a synthesis of late, but some troubling features are present. The neuroscience that currently dominates the study of social cognition is exclusively cognitive neuroscience, as contrasted with the cellular and increasingly molecular emphasis that has gripped mainstream neuroscience over the past three decades. Furthermore, the recent field of molecular and cellular cognition has begun to unravel some molecular mechanisms involved in social cognition, especially pertaining to the consolidation of memories of particular conspecific organisms. Some new experimental techniques for positive interventions into these hypothesized mechanisms offer opportunities for establishing direct causal linkages between intra-neuronal molecular events and the behaviors used to measure social cognitive phenomena. Predicted results from an experiment described below also cast doubt on the application of the “extended mind” approach from recent cognitive science to ground the neuroscience of social cognition. Since neuroethics relies heavily on our best neuroscience of social cognition, that field may soon need to extend its attention beyond cognitive neuroscience, and into neuroscience’s cellular and molecular mainstream. 相似文献
3.
This book precis describes the motives behind my recent attempt to bring to bear “ruthlessly reductive” results from cellular
and molecular neuroscience onto issues in the philosophy of mind. Since readers of this journal will probably be most interested
in results addressing features of conscious experience, I highlight these most prominently. My main challenge is that philosophers
(even scientifically-inspired ones) are missing the nature and scope of reductionism in contemporary neuroscience by focusing
exclusively on higher-level cognitive neuroscience, and ignoring the discipline's cell-physiological and molecular-biological
core. 相似文献
4.
The current research examined whether visuospatial recall of both abstract and common objects was related to gender or object
familiarity. Seventy two undergraduates from a university in the Southern U.S. were asked to draw the Rey Complex Figure and
a series of common objects from memory. A pilot sample of seventy three undergraduates had previously identified common objects
as “male” “female” and “neutral” exemplars. Males were significantly better at drawing “male” and “neutral” exemplars whereas
females were better at drawing “female” exemplars. Neither gender was significantly better at the Rey task. These results
question whether males have an inherent advantage in visual memory. Results also found that experience with playing violent
video games was associated with higher visual memory recall. 相似文献
5.
Visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation: A neuro-cognitive theory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Werner X. Schneider 《Psychological research》1999,62(2-3):220-236
This paper addresses the issue of how visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation are related. The
first section introduces a modified two-stage conception of visual-spatial processing. “Stage one” refers to low-level visual-spatial
processing and computes in parallel for the currently available retinal information “object candidates,” here called “visual-spatial
units.” An attentional process called “unit selection” allows access to stage two for one of these units at a time. Stage
two contains high-level visual-spatial information that can be used for goal-directions (e.g., verbal report, grasping). It
consists of three parallel processing streams. First, the currently selected unit is recognized; second, a spatial-motor program
for the selected unit is computed; and third, an “object file” is set up for the selected unit. An object file contains temporary
episodic representations of detailed high-level visual-spatial attributes of an “object” plus an “index.” An index acts as
a pointer and is bound via temporary connections to the attributes of the file.
Section two of this paper specifies one part of stage two in more detail, namely visual-spatial working memory (VSWM). It
can contain up to four object files. A first central claim is that during sensory-based processing for working memory (“access”),
one object file is always “on-line,” and up to three other object files are “off-line”. A second central claim is that the
process of setting up an object file depends on the number and the activation level of already stored files. Based on the
concept of activation-based competition between object files, it is postulated that the more files that are stored and the
higher their activation is, the longer it takes for a newly set up object file to reach a sufficient level of activation.
Activation-based competition is also used to explain “short-term forgetting” by “interference.” A third central claim about
VSWM is that a “refreshment' process exists that increases the activation level of an index of an object file in order to
prevent forgetting or in order to bring the file back to the state of controlling the current action. Finally, section three
gives a selective look at a number of experimental data such as the attentional blink, backward masking, dwell time effects,
transsaccadic memory, and change blindness. New explanations are offered and new predictions made.
Received: 16 January 1998 / Accepted: 25 July 1998 相似文献
6.
Ronald A. Beghetto 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(2):171-191
This study examined the relationship between prospective teachers’ (N = 166) retrospective perceptions of their own past achievement goals and their current beliefs about students’ goal orientations
and achievement behaviors. Results of hierarchical regression analysis provide correlation evidence in support of a “carry-over
effect” of prospective teachers’ past goal orientations on their current beliefs about students. Specifically, prospective
teachers’ were found to believe that their future students will pursue goal orientations analogous to their own past goal
orientations. In addition, prospective teachers’ explanations for why students might engage in or avoid achievement-directed
behaviors were examined. Regardless of past goal orientation, “internal motives” (e.g., improvement and self-satisfaction)
represented the most frequent explanation offered by prospective teachers for why students engage in achievement behaviors.
Prospective teachers with past performance-approach goals were significantly more likely to view avoidance as a sign of “laziness,”
whereas those with past performance-avoidant goals were more likely to view avoidance as resulting from a “lack of confidence
and support.” Implications for subsequent research are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Informed by the practice of code-switching or style-switching in linguistics, “bilingual therapeutics” is proposed as the
complementary integration of two evidence-based practices in psychotherapy: motivational interviewing (MI) and dialectical
behavior therapy (DBT). Unique features of MI and DBT are presented, current research of each practice is reviewed, and their
similarities and distinctions are discussed. It is proposed that fluency in both “languages” of MI and DBT may usher in a
new therapeutic perspective to enhance client case conceptualization, illuminate subtleties of the therapeutic process, and
foster more intentional and deliberate practitioners. Specifically, MI and DBT code-switching may help recruit and retain
clients in formal treatment (e.g.,”speaking” MI more prominently to prepare clients for 12-month standard DBT) and promote
consultation among therapists. The complementary integration of MI and DBT also suggests the emergence of a linguistic “third
space,” including “spirit as synthesis” and “improvisational dance.” 相似文献
8.
David Gudelunas 《Sexuality & culture》2005,9(1):62-87
If the available venues for public discourse concerning sexuality in America are divided into “formal” curricula including
community and school-based sexual education programs, and the “informal” curricula of the mass media, the popular newspaper
advice column sits at a critical site of convergence of these two venues. In a culture that is detemined to restrict talk
about sex, and particularly those sexual practices such as masturbation that are labeled “taboo,” this paper argues that a
widely available and culturally mainstream venue for otherwise limited disourse becomes an important site for talking, learning,
and debating issues of sexuality. By using Ann Landers’ discussion of masturbation as a case study, this paper offers an overview
of the cultural utility of newspaper advice columns as a safe space for taboo talk about sexuality. 相似文献
9.
Deirdre M. Kelly 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):185-198
This paper argues for seeing in-depth news coverage of political, social, and economic issues as “public policy pedagogy.”
To develop my argument, I draw on Nancy Fraser’s democratic theory, which attends to social differences and does not assume
that unity is a starting point or an end goal of public dialogue. Alongside the formation of “subaltern counterpublics” (Fraser),
alternative media outlets sometimes develop. There, members of alternative publics debate their interests and strategize about
how to be heard in wider, mass-mediated public arenas. I address the normative implications of this non-unitary, multiple-publics
model for news journalism, analyzing how current conventions in mainstream news journalism (e.g., “balance” defined as “airing
two extremes”) can restrict public debate and impoverish the public policy pedagogy on offer. I illustrate my arguments with
a case study of media coverage of the creation and implementation of a social justice curriculum in British Columbia, Canada. 相似文献
10.
The “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches have been thought to exhaust the possibilities for doing cognitive neuroscience. We argue that neither approach is likely to succeed in providing a theory that enables us to understand how cognition is achieved in biological creatures like ourselves. We consider a promising third way of doing cognitive neuroscience, what might be called the “neural dynamic systems” approach, that construes cognitive neuroscience as an autonomous explanatory endeavor, aiming to characterize in its own terms the states and processes responsible for brain-based cognition. We sketch the basic motivation for the approach, describe a particular version of the approach, so-called ‘Dynamic Causal Modeling’ (DCM), and consider a concrete example of DCM. This third way, we argue, has the potential to avoid the problems that afflict the other two approaches. 相似文献
11.
W. P. S. Dias 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):523-532
This paper describes how some aspects of Martin Heidegger’s philosophy resonate strongly with an engineering outlook. He argued
that practice was more “primordial” than theory, though preserving an important role for theoretical understanding as well,
thus speaking to the gap between engineering education (highly theoretical) and engineering practice (mostly empirical). He
also underlined the reality of “average” practices into which we are socialized, though affirming the potential for original
work and action too, thus providing the grounds for self-actualization whether within the routine or in transcending it. His
notion of “thrownness” emphasizes the importance of context, with which engineers are constantly engaged. While all this relates
to the idea of our “being”, Heidegger also dealt with the influence of time on our practices. Future death could be seen as
spurring innovation, cultural history as a source for critiquing current practice and the present “situation” as the immediate
context for corrective action. His major book is appropriately called “Being and Time”.1 相似文献
12.
In the present experiment, we investigated whether the memory of a location is affected by the occurrence of an irrelevant
visual event. Participants had to memorize the location of a dot. During the retention interval, a task-irrelevant stimulus
was presented with abrupt onset somewhere in the visual field. Results showed that the spatial memory representation was affected
by the occurrence of the external irrelevant event relative to a control condition in which there was no external event. Specifically,
the memorized location was shifted toward the location of the task-irrelevant stimulus. This effect was only present when
the onset was close in space to the memory representation. These findings suggest that the “internal” spatial map used for
keeping a location in spatial working memory and the “external” spatial map that is affected by exogenous events in the outside
world are either the same or tightly linked. 相似文献
13.
Treena Orchard 《Sexuality & culture》2007,11(1):3-27
In the popular imagination and certain academic fields, sex workers’ experiences of sexuality and intimate relationships are
often “naturalized,” to the point where they are assumed to be deviant or completely different than those of women in mainstream
society. Researchers and sex worker organizations are challenging these reified constructions by examining more diverse and
representative models of sexuality and relationships. However, the experiences of women selling sex in the “third world” are
consistently portrayed as violent, non-pleasurable, and oppressive, characteristics often applied universally to “third world
women.” Using data from ethnographic field work with girls and women who belong to theDevadasi (servant/slave of the God) tradition of sex work in rural Karnataka, India, this paper examines the cultural dynamics of
sexuality and relationships. Gender and dominant models of feminine identity emerge as powerful factors in shaping these facets
of life, producing experiences amongDevadasis that are similar to those of other Indian women. Yet,Devadasis also encounter additional constraints in their lives because of their participation in the morally and culturally contestedDevadasi system. These data contribute to emerging research that destabilizes images of sex workers as “different” from other women,
while also highlighting the impact of tradition on sexual mores and relationship structure in this unique cultural context. 相似文献
14.
We explored the functional organization of semantic memory for music by comparing priming across familiar songs both within
modalities (Experiment 1, tune to tune; Experiment 3, category label to lyrics) and across modalities (Experiment 2, category label to tune; Experiment 4, tune to lyrics). Participants judged whether or not the target tune or lyrics were real (akin to lexical decision tasks).
We found significant priming, analogous to linguistic associative-priming effects, in reaction times for related primes as
compared to unrelated primes, but primarily for within-modality comparisons. Reaction times to tunes (e.g., “Silent Night”)
were faster following related tunes (“Deck the Hall”) than following unrelated tunes (“God Bless America”). However, a category
label (e.g., Christmas) did not prime tunes from within that category. Lyrics were primed by a related category label, but not by a related tune.
These results support the conceptual organization of music in semantic memory, but with potentially weaker associations across
modalities. 相似文献
15.
This article explores the concepts of safety culture and safety climate in an attempt to determine which is the more useful
for describing an organization's “state of safety.” From a review of the literature purporting to measure safety culture or
safety climate, it is argued that, although the two terms are often interchangeable, they are actually distinct but related
concepts and should be treated accordingly. The term “safety climate” best describes employees' perceptions, attitudes, and
beliefs about risk and safety, typically measured by questionnaire surveys and providing a “snapshot” of the current state
of safety. “Safety culture” is a more complex and enduring trait reflecting fundamental values, norms, assumptions and expectations,
which to some extent reside in societal culture. The expression of these “cultural” elements, perhaps, can be seen through
safety management practices which are reflected in the safety climate. Basically, measurement of safety culture requires in-depth
investigation including an analysis of how organizational members interact to form a shared view of safety. 相似文献
16.
This article explores the concepts of safety culture and safety climate in an attempt to determine which is the more useful
for describing an organization's “state of safety.” From a review of the literature purporting to measure safety culture or
safety climate, it is argued that, although the two terms are often interchangeable, they are actually distinct but related
concepts and should be treated accordingly. The term “safety climate” best describes employees' perceptions, attitudes, and
beliefs about risk and safety, typically measured by questionnaire surveys and providing a “snapshot” of the current state
of safety. “Safety culture” is a more complex and enduring trait reflecting fundamental values, norms, assumptions and expectations,
which to some extent reside in societal culture. The expression of these “cultural” elements, perhaps, can be seen through
safety management practices which are reflected in the safety climate. Basically, measurement of safety culture requires in-depth
investigation including an analysis of how organizational members interact to form a shared view of safety. 相似文献
17.
Episodic memory is the ability to remember personally experienced past events (Tulving in Organization of memory. Academic
Press, San Diego, pp. 381–403, 1972). In non-human animals, the behavioural criterion for episodic-like memory is remembering
“what” occurred in conjunction with “when” and “where” (Clayton and Dickinson in Nature 395:272–274, 1998). We conducted tests
for “what, where, and when” memory in a food-storing bird, the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). In Experiment 1, chickadees found sunflower seeds and mealworms in concealed sites in their home cage. Birds later re-visited
these sites after either a short (3 h) or long (123 h) retention interval. Chickadees normally prefer mealworms, but at the
long retention interval mealworms were degraded in taste and appearance. Chickadees showed some memory for what kind of food
they had encountered and where, but no memory for when food had previously been found. Experiment 2 followed a similar procedure,
except that chickadees searched for hidden sunflower seeds and mealworms in trees in an indoor aviary. These more natural
conditions increased both the spatial scale of the task and the effort required to find food. In this experiment, birds showed
evidence for all three components of what–where–when memory. Unlike some previous studies of episodic-like memory, birds’
behaviour cannot be accounted for by differential memory strength for more recent events. The results show that memory for
what, where, and when occurs in food-storing birds outside the corvid family, does not require food caching or retrieval,
and that remembering “when” can depend on the nature of the task. 相似文献
18.
“Cognitive asynchrony theory,” recently developed in research on aging and memory, implies a functional distinction between
the processing of “feature-intensive” items, those with numerous identifiable features, and the processing of images which
are relatively sparse in such features and are handled in a more wholistic, “gestalt” manner. The present experiments addressed
the question of whether such a distinction exists outside the realms of memory in which it has thus far been addressed. The
present work used mental rotation as a model system. Consistent with the predictions of this model, Experiment 1 showed that
feature-intensive figures required significantly more time to rotate than did gestalt figures, even though angles of rotation
were the same. Experiment 2 demonstrated that feature-intensive processing may involve verbally-accessible semantic systems
to a greater degree than is the case with “gestalt” items. Experiment 3 identified significant practice effects of feature-intensive
stimuli on the processing of gestalt stimuli, but not the reverse. The results of these experiments indicate that the “gestalt/feature-intensive”
processing distinction extends to mental rotation as well as to memory. Implications for the nature of mental representation
of verbal and visual materials are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Sanford C. Goldberg 《Philosophical Studies》2011,153(1):95-107
In Sven Bernecker’s excellent new book, Memory, he proposes an account of what we might call the “metasemantics” of memory: the conditions that determine the contents of
the mental representations employed in memory. Bernecker endorses a “pastist externalist” view, according to which the content
of a memory-constituting representation is fixed, in part, by the “external” conditions prevalent at the (past) time of the
tokening of the original representation (the one from which the memory-constituting one is causally derived). Bernecker argues
that the best version of a pastist externalism about memory contents will have the result that there can be semantically-induced
memory losses in cases involving unwitting “world-switching”. The burden of this paper is to show that Bernecker’s argument
for this conclusion does not succeed. My arguments on this score have implications for our picture of mind-world relations,
as these are reflected in a subject’s attempts to recall her past thoughts. 相似文献
20.
Emily Lyon 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(2):233-247
A holistic view of the person includes body, mind and spirit, or soul. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concepts
of “soul” and “radical evil” within a conversation about destructive interpersonal abuse. Most religions and spiritual disciplines
understand the human person, especially the human soul, as sacred. When the perpetrator, propelled by his own internal alienation,
desecrates the soul of his victim through relational sexual abuse, the victim often experiences herself as a no-person. Her
ongoing sense of identity is fragmented, her capacity for spiritual experience, for imagination, creativity, relatedness are
deeply wounded. With the help of information from the field of neuroscience, as well as other theological perspectives, some
pathways for healing of the soul are discussed. 相似文献