Perspective effects in repeated reading: An eye movement study

The present study examined the influence of perspective instructions on online processing of expository text during repeated reading. Sixty-two participants read either a high or a low prior knowledge (HPK vs. LPK) text twice from a given perspective while their eye movements were recorded. They switched perspective before a third reading. Reading perspective affected the first-pass reading and also increased sentence wrap-up processing time in the perspective-relevant sentences. Prior knowledge facilitated the recognition of the (ir)relevance of text information and resulted in relatively earlier perspective effects in the HPK versus LPK text. Repeated reading facilitated processing, as indicated by all eye movement measures. After the perspective switch, a repetition benefit was observed for the previously relevant text information, whereas a repetition cost was found for the previously irrelevant text information. These results indicate that reading perspective and prior knowledge have a significant influence on how readers allocate visual attention during reading.     

字词视觉空间特征在中文阅读眼动控制中的作用

研究采用4（呈现方式：小－小、小－大、大－小、大－大）×2（文本内容：句子、“※”串）的被试内设计,考察了文本字符呈现大小对读者眼跳选择目标和注视持续时间的影响。结果发现：（1）读者在浏览不同呈现方式的“※”串时的眼动模式基本上与阅读相应呈现方式的句子类似;（2）句子完全是由双字词构成,词内的首字和尾字大小不等（‘小－大”和“大－小”呈现条件）严重影响阅读效率;（3）读者在阅读句子时的注视时间高于浏览“※”串时的注视时间。结果说明,视觉呈现方式和词汇加工均影响读者的眼动模式。     

阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述

眼跳和注视是阅读过程中的两种基本眼动现象.目前在对阅读的眼动研究中分析指标主要包括两类,一类是与眼睛何时移动有关的时间维度的眼动指标,具体包括以字或词为兴趣区的眼动指标,如单一注视时间、首次注视时间、第二次注视时间、凝视时间、离开目标后的首次注视时间、回视时间和总注视时间等,以及以短语或句子为兴趣区的眼动指标,如第一遍阅读时间、向前阅读时间、第二遍阅读时间、回视路径阅读时间、重读时间等.另一类是与眼睛移动位置有关的空间维度的眼动指标,具体包括眼跳距离、注视位置、注视次数、跳读率、再注视比率和回视次数等.在使用眼动指标时,需要注意眼动指标的分类、原始数据的删除标准以及眼动指标的选择等问题.     

汉字间空格大小对青年人和老年人阅读的影响：眼动研究

拼音文字阅读的眼动研究发现,老年人会采取一种“风险”阅读策略来弥补因视力和认知的自然老化所造成的阅读困难。本研究通过控制字间空格的大小对青年人和老年人汉语阅读过程的眼动模式进行了比较,结果发现,相比青年人,老年人读得更慢,有更长的注视时间和更多的回视,这些研究结果与拼音文字一致;但更为重要的发现是,相比青年人,老年人有更短的向前眼跳距离,缩小汉语字间空格给老年人阅读造成了更为显著的困难,但扩大字间空格两组被试表现出相似的阅读眼动模式。结果说明,汉语阅读中老年人并不使用拼音文字研究中发现的“风险”阅读策略,反而采用了更为谨慎的策略,原因可能在于,作为拼音文字阅读中的重要视觉线索,空格是影响两种语言下老年人阅读加工策略不同的重要因素。     

场景知觉中的眼动分析指标:基于注视和眼跳视角

眼动范式是场景知觉研究的重要方法之一,可以通过对场景知觉过程中眼动变化的实时记录,真实地反映场景信息加工的内在心理机制;然而,人们的心理活动是极其复杂的,与之相应的眼动指标也具有多样性和复杂性。对眼动指标的分析,有不同的分析维度,比如整体和局部、时间和空间等。本文回顾了已有的眼动指标分类,并尝试从注视和眼跳的视角对场景知觉过程中的眼动指标进行分类。在此基础上,从界定标准、心理学意义、研究应用等方面对相应的眼动指标进行分析和介绍,最后提出了眼动指标分析和应用可能存在的问题,以及未来研究可能拓展的领域。     

英文快速阅读的眼动特点与阅读成绩的关系

该文运用眼动仪对中国大学生在快读阅读英文文本时,其眼动特征与阅读成绩的关系进行了研究。结果表明：在平均注视时间、第一次注视时间、眼跳速度、眼跳次数等方面,高低分组存在显著性差异,高分组的眼动策略更灵活,对信息的加工效率更高。     

汉语阅读过程中词切分的位置：一项基于眼动随动显示技术的研究

采用眼动随动显示技术, 通过分析动态协助或干扰词切分对阅读过程的影响, 考察汉语阅读过程中词切分的位置与数量。包括两项实验：实验一通过改变注视点附近词语的颜色来促进词汇的加工进程, 发现协助词n+1切分可改变被试的眼动模式, 说明至少加工词n+1可导致词切分效果; 实验二以类似方法干扰相应的词汇加工进程, 发现在某些实验条件下被试的眼动模式朝相反方向变化, 表明实验一结果并非由外源注意转移引起。综合分析两个实验中各种条件下首次注视概率分布、再注视时的首次注视时间和单一注视时间的差异, 得出以下结论：在汉语阅读中存在两种词切分现象, 一种由加工词n+1引起, 另一种由加工词n引起。     

颜色交替文本促进小学高年级聋生篇章阅读的眼动研究

聋生由于听力损失,导致其在阅读方面存在一定的困难。如何提高聋生的阅读效率是一个具有重要的实践价值的课题。本研究采用眼动追踪技术,以29名小学高年级聋生为研究对象,考察颜色交替词标记形式对小学高年级聋生篇章阅读的促进作用。结果发现,无论是眼动指标的整体分析还是局部分析,均支持颜色交替词标记文本可以有效地提高小学高年级聋生的语篇阅读效率。本研究结果对于训练提高小学高年级聋生的阅读效率具有一定的启发意义。     

颜色交替文本促进小学高年级聋生篇章阅读的眼动研究

聋生由于听力损失,导致其在阅读方面存在一定的困难。如何提高聋生的阅读效率是一个具有重要的实践价值的课题。本研究采用眼动追踪技术,以29名小学高年级聋生为研究对象,考察颜色交替词标记形式对小学高年级聋生篇章阅读的促进作用。结果发现,无论是眼动指标的整体分析还是局部分析,均支持颜色交替词标记文本可以有效地提高小学高年级聋生的语篇阅读效率。本研究结果对于训练提高小学高年级聋生的阅读效率具有一定的启发意义。     

大小字号的文本对中文读者眼动模式和阅读知觉广度的影响

摘 要 研究以眼动仪为工具,采用移动窗口范式考察不同字号文本对读者阅读知觉广度和眼动模式的影响。实验结果发现,被试阅读大、小字号文本时的阅读知觉广度都是四个字。字号大小不影响读者的阅读知觉广度,但是影响读者的眼动模式。具体表现为：被试阅读小号字文本的平均注视时间、总注视时间比大号字文本长,平均眼跳距离更短,相对眼跳距离（单位为字的个数）更长,注视次数更多。     

Visual exploration pattern in hemineglect

The analysis of eye movement parameters in visual neglect such as cumulative fixation duration, saccade amplitude, or the numbers of saccades has been used to probe attention deficits in neglect patients, since the pattern of exploratory eye movements has been taken as a strong index of attention distribution. The current overview of the literature of visual neglect has its emphasis on studies dealing with eye movement and exploration analysis. We present our own results in 15 neglect patients. The free exploration behavior was analyzed in these patients presenting 32 naturalistic color photographs of everyday scenes. Cumulative fixation duration, spatial distribution of fixations in the horizontal and vertical plane, the number and amplitude of exploratory saccades was analyzed and compared with the results of an age-matched control group. A main result of our study was that in neglect patients, fixation distribution of free exploration of natural scenes is not only influenced by the left–right bias in the horizontal direction but also by the vertical direction.     

视觉表象眼动的变化：知识还是技能表征的差异？

以表象看到一个运动员完成三级跳远项目为实验任务,对表象任务的信息通达水平、眼动注视点的活动位置和被试对三级跳远项目的知识水平和技能水平进行系统的操纵,通过2个实验探讨了视觉表象眼动的变化是基于知识学习表征差异还是技能训练表征差异的问题。实验1以没有三级跳远运动专业技能知识且对该运动的认知水平也较低的大学生为被试,结果表明,在完成高信息通达水平的表象任务时,注视点需要较短的持续时间,但眼跳距离会增大,眼跳频率会变低;实验2对表象任务的知识学习表征水平和技能训练表征水平进行操纵,分别以对实验任务进行过知识学习和专业技能训练的人为被试,结果表明,随着被试知识习得水平和技能水平表征能力的提高,不同表象任务信息通达水平间的眼动差异将消失,但知识学习和技能表征的差异在平均眼跳时间上有差异,技能训练型的被试其平均眼跳时间要短于知识学习型被试,达到临界水平显著,注视点平均持续时间和平均眼跳距离等均没有差异。     

中文阅读中无关言语效应的认知机制探究：眼动证据

采用眼动追踪技术探讨中文阅读中无关言语效应的影响机制, 操纵了背景音的类型(有意义背景音、无意义背景音、无声), 通过3个实验考察其对简单句、复杂句、篇章阅读的影响。结果发现, 被试在无意义背景音条件下加工三类阅读材料时的眼动指标与无声条件相比差异均不显著; 但是, 在有意义背景音条件下, 被试在进行复杂句和篇章阅读时的眼动指标与无声条件相比差异显著, 而在简单句阅读中差异不显著。结果表明, 语义属性才是影响无关言语效应产生的关键因素, 其所起作用受到阅读任务难度的调节, 而对阅读过程的影响主要体现在晚期的词汇加工和语义整合阶段, 本研究结果支持了语义干扰假说。     

中文阅读及发展性阅读障碍眼动研究新进展

中文阅读眼动特征的评估参数主要包括注视点停留位置、眼跳、回视和注视时间等。基于眼动技术,并结合生理技术,研究者已揭示出正常读者中文阅读的多方面特点和规律。但对发展性阅读障碍的眼动研究,国内还没有开展起来。从上述两个角度出发,这里总结了正常读者中文阅读的眼动研究,并探讨了发展性阅读障碍者的眼动特征及机制。     

Visual attention in reading: Eye movements reflect cognitive processes

Two hypotheses regarding the nature of fixation durations in reading were discussed. One position suggests that semantic processing lags behind the perceptual input of information. The other position suggests that semantic processing is more rapid and immediate. Eye movement data of skilled readers reading passages of text were analyzed. It was found that the main verb of the sentence received more visual attention than other key grammatical elements within a sentence. On the basis of the overall result pattern, it was argued that eye movements are affected by cognitive processes occurring at the time of the fixations.     

The distribution of fixation durations during reading: effects of stimulus quality

Participants' eye movements were recorded as they read single sentences presented normally, presented entirely in faint text, or presented normally except for a single faint word. Fixations were longer when the entire sentence was faint than when the sentence was presented normally. In addition, fixations were much longer on a single faint word embedded in normal text, compared to when the entire sentence was faint. The primary aim of the study was to examine the influence of stimulus quality on the distribution of fixation durations. Ex-Gaussian fitting revealed that stimulus quality affected the mean of the Normal component, but in contrast to results from single-word tasks (Plourde & Besner, 1997), stimulus quality did not affect the exponential component, regardless of whether one or all words were faint. The results also contrast with the finding (Staub, White, Drieghe, Hollway, & Rayner, 2010) that the word frequency effect on fixation durations is an effect on both of the critical distributional parameters. These findings are argued to have implications for the interpretation of the role of stimulus quality in word recognition, and for models of eye movement control in reading.     

书面韵律信息与词汇偏向在歧义句歧义消解中的作用

本研究采用眼动法,探讨了被试在理解层次分隔歧义句时,逗号作为书面韵律边界所起到的作用,以及书面韵律边界与词汇信息如何共同影响句子加工。研究选取了裸视视力或矫正视力均正常的母语为汉语的成人,完成一个在自然情境下阅读层次分隔歧义句的句子理解实验,同时记录他们句子阅读时的眼动数据。结果发现：有逗号解歧的句子的阅读时间明显少于没有逗号解歧句子的阅读时间;逗号偏向类型和词汇偏向类型之间存在交互作用,即两者在三种眼动指标上都达到了显著性水平,研究所选的三种眼动指标为首次注视时间、第一遍阅读时间和总注视时间;此外,当逗号偏向将句子结构确定为形容词修饰整个短语结构时,词汇偏向会对语义理解进行调整,表现在三种眼动指标的显著性上。实验结果支持内隐韵律假设,书面韵律信息对歧义句歧义消解的作用从句子加工早期开始,书面韵律信息与词汇偏向的交互作用也发生于句子加工早期。     

句子语境中汉语词汇形、音作用的眼动研究

采用眼动方法, 通过两个实验考查了句子语境中汉语词汇形、音的作用及其作用的时间进程。结果发现：(1)在高限制性句子语境中, 音同的凝视时间和总注视时间显著短于无关控制; (2)在低限制性句子语境中, 音同、形似的首视时间均显著短于无关控制; (3)词频效应出现在低限制性句子语境中。该结果表明, 句子语境影响词汇形、音的作用及作用的时间进程, 汉语词汇的意义可以由字形直接通达, 也可以由形和音两条路径得到通达。     

Visual perception of direction when voluntary saccades occur. I. Relation of visual direction of a fixation target extinguished before a saccade to a flash presented during the saccade

In experiments designed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the normal stability of visual direction for stationary objects when voluntary saccades occur, Ss reported on the horizontal visual direction of a brief test [lash presented when the eye was at a specific point in the saccade (the trigger point) relative to a fixation target viewed and extinguished prior to the saccade. From these reports, PSEs (points of subjective equality) were calculated for the fixation target as measured by the test [lashes. The distance of the trigger point from the previous fixation position was systematically varied in each experiment. Different experiments required saccades of different lengths and directions. With the exception of the presentation of the test [lash the saccades were carried out in complete darkness so that the possible utilization of an extraretinal signal regarding the eye movement (change in eye position, the intention to turn the eye, or a change of attention related to the eye movement) in the determination of visual direction could be observed uncomplicated by a continuing visual context. According to classical theories, an extraretinal signal proportional to the change in eye position acts to maintain direction constancy by compensating for the Shift of the retinal image resulting from the movement of the eye. In general, direction constancy was not preserved in the present experiments, and thus the data would not be predicted by classical theories. However, the PSE varied with distance of the trigger point from the fixation target. Since this displacement of PSE from the trigger point was in the correct direction for compensation, the presence of an extraretinal signal was confirmed. However, the growth of this signal appears to be time-locked to the saccade rather than locked to eye position; it is suggested that this growth takes place over a time period which is longer than the duration of the saccade itself.