Freedom, Equality, Minarets

This paper discusses the Swiss minaret ban as a threat to equal citizenship rather than a threat to freedom of religion. The main argument of the paper is that cultural differences can threaten the fair value of equal political participation rights as well as socio-economic ones. These differences are morally troubling despite legitimate emphasis on the need for a shared (political) culture. To ensure that the state treats its citizens as equals with regard to cultural differences requires a form of liberal neutrality which consists of two elements. Equal citizenship requires, first, justificatory neutrality in deciding which matters are legitimate concerns for legislation. It requires also—as a second safeguard—institutional arrangements which ensure that in the process of implementing justificatory neutral decisions the interests of all affected citizens receive a fair hearing. This means that the factors which tend to undermine the equal standing of citizens in society should be counteracted.     

Employed Females' Clothing Preference, Self-Image Congruence, and Career Anchorage

A model was developed that related the clothing preference of employed females with self-congruity, ideal congruity, and career anchorage. It was hypothesized that (a) employed females are more likely to wear those outfits that match their actual self-image and ideal self-image than those that do not match their actual and ideal self-image; (b) the more upward the career anchorage, the greater the self- and ideal congruity involving a business-like outfit, and the greater the preference for wearing business-like outfits. The sample consisted of 227 women faculty and staff members at three universities. Five garment images were used: feminine, business-like, casual, sexy, and collegiate. The hypotheses were mostly supported.     

Freedom, Preference and Autonomy

Philosophers have advocated different kinds of freedom, but each has value and none should be neglected in a complete theory of freedom and responsibility. There are three kinds of freedom of preference and action that should be distinguished. A person S may fully prefer to do A at every level, and that is one kind of freedom. A person S may autonomously prefer to do A when S has the preference structure concerning doing A because S prefers to have that very preference structure, and that is a second kind of freedom. A person S may prefer to do A when S could have preferred otherwise, and that is a third kind of freedom. These forms of freedom may be combined, but they are valuable and essentially independent. They all involve the metamental ascendence of preference over desire, but it is autonomous preference that makes a person the author of his or her preference. The responsibility a person has for what he or she does out of a preference for doing it depends on the kinds of freedom of preference the person has and must be ranked in terms of them.     

教育公平的伦理审视与制度保障

构建社会主义和谐社会需要社会公平,教育公平是社会公平的一个重要组成部分,如何有效解决当前众多的教育不公平问题,是教育伦理所必须要面对的问题。研究教育政策运行的公平机制,建立确保教育公平的制度保障,是从根本上解决教育不公平问题的关键。     

On Freedom And Responsibility: Remarks On Sartre, Levinas And Derrida

This article looks at some main stages of contemporary thought about freedom and responsibility and outlines an account of important stages of 20th century philosophy as well. Whereas the early Sartre particularly coined the notion of infinite freedom, his later writings, Levinas and Derrida (re-)discovered the conception of infinite responsibility. The article draws attention to the questions which arise out of these understandings of both responsibility and freedom and asks whether these issues can be answered from a purely secular point of view. The last part is devoted to the role of God in current philosophical considerations about responsibility and freedom.     

Adaptors and Innovators: Preference for Educational Procedures

We tested the hypothesis that differences in attitudes toward conflicting procedures would depend on the context of the presentation and an individual's cognitive style. Data from 182 British school teachers who completed the Kirton (1976) Adaption–Innovation Inventory and two questionnaires concerned with aspects of educational procedures provided results broadly in line with expected adaption–innovation theory. Innovators were found to have a preference for procedures loose in structure, with aims not easily defined, and without easy methods of assessment. The adaptors showed a preference for procedures containing a tighter structure, more definable aims and more precise methods of assessment. The data also provide useful additional norms and information on teachers' cognitive style differences with regard to subject taught, gender, and length of service.     

未来配偶偏爱的特征——选择长期配偶与短期配偶的条件

该研究中被试分配有限“配偶币”来抉择与理想配偶标准相符合的性交往对象。首先,该研究重复验证了Li 等人 (2002) 和Kenrick (2006)的发现,男性理想的长期配偶需要外表出众,而女性理想的长期配偶需要社会地位较高;两性理想的短期配偶都必须外表出众。其次,两性所投射出的理想自我与潜在配偶偏好的特征一致,研究发现,长期性交往条件下,男性需要具有较高社会地位,女性需要外表出众;短期性交往条件下,男性和女性都需要外表出众。评价潜在配偶的机制与评价现有配偶的机制可能是两种受到选择的不同的心理机制。     

知识产权价值追求中的二律背反：自由与平等的冲突

知识产权制度体现了对自由与平等的价值追求与维护.然而,自由与平等本身有着不同的内涵和目标,分别代表着理性主义的不同方面,反映了不同的价值取向.知识产权中自由与平等的价值追求内在地相互冲突.在现实生活中,知识产权中自由与平等的冲突主要表现为知识专有与平等接近的冲突、知识垄断与平等竞争的冲突、财产自由与财产平等的冲突.知识产权中自由与平等的冲突是无法避免的,也是无法消除的.知识产权只有根据社会实践发展的需要,努力寻找自由与平等的最佳平衡点,在最大程度上实现自由与平等.     

What Lies Beyond Same‐Sex Marriage? Marriage,Reproductive Freedom and Future Persons in Liberal Public Justification

In this article I consider whether the legalization of sex-same marriage implies a right to incestuous marriage. I begin by suggesting that the liberal state get out of the 'marriage' business by leveling down to a universal civil union status. The question is then whether incestuous unions should be both legal and eligible for this status. I argue that the arguments compatible with public reason for prohibiting them outright, or even for excluding them from the permissible types of legally registered partnerships, are quite weak. The objections to allowing such relations are those from (1) child abuse; (2) unfair burdening of society; and (3) the creation of bad lives. I argue that while rape and other forms of child abuse would be no more legal or tolerated than they are now, the concern about any form of weakening a society's legal and political resources to combat such abuses does indeed register on the justificatory scale, but does not prove that such first-degree incestuous sexual relations are inherently bad enough to warrant intervention in their own right. I then argue that the concern about unfairly burdening society with unhealthy persons is not as dangerously totalitarian as we might initially fear, but nor is it strong enough to justify an outright prohibition. Finally, I argue that a concern to dissuade persons from creating certain kinds of lives (children with extreme birth defects) is also not as dangerously totalitarian as we might initially fear, and in fact goes further towards explaining why we might have a legitimate interest in intervening. Nonetheless, I argue that the criminalization of such acts only make sense when they are indicators of other offenses, namely negligence or abuse, and it thus seems that the act of consanguineous reproduction is itself insufficient.     

Student Characteristics,School Characteristics,and Educational Aspirations of Six Asian American Ethnic Groups

The authors looked at differences among 6 Asian American ethnic groups in terms of student-level and school-level characteristics and examined factors related to their educational aspirations. The authors provided implications for counselors to help Asian American students achieve academic success in secondary and higher education.     

Preference for peers in infancy

Previous findings suggest that infants prefer other infants from among individuals of various ages. There are two explanations for this: one is that like adults, infants prefer babyish characteristics; the other is that infants prefer individuals who are similar to themselves. We examined whether infants respond differently to same-age infants from among older or younger infants. This might allow the possibility of methodologically separating the two explanations for peer preference in infancy. The results revealed that 9-month-olds showed peer preference when they saw movies of infants. Further experiments showed that 6- and 9-month-olds preferred static images of same-age infants. The lack of preference of 6-month-olds for movies of same-age infants could be related to their ability to process information. Thus, the cue for peer preference may be physical similarity to oneself, rather than the strength of babyish characteristics reflecting a particular developmental stage.     

The Universal Right to Education: Freedom,Equality and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraternity</Emphasis>

The overall aim of the article is to analyse how the universal right to education have been built, legitimized and used. And more specifically ask who is addressed by the universal right to education, and who is given access to rights and to education. The first part of the article focus on the history of declarations, the notion of the universal right to education, emphasizing differences in matters of detail—for example, the meaning of ‘compulsory’, ‘children’s rights’ or ‘parents’ rights’—and critically examining the right of the child and the right of the parent in terms of tensions between ‘social rights’ and ‘private autonomy rights’. Despite differences in detail, the iterations of the universal right to education do share to the full in the idea of education as such. In the second part the attempt to scrutinize the underlying assumptions legitimizing the consensus on education, focusing again on the notion of the child. In conclusion I argue that a certain notion of what it is to be a human being is inscribed within the circle of access to rights and education. These notions of what it means to be a child, a parent, a citizen or a member of the ‘human family’ are notions of enlightenment and humanity and, to my understanding, aspects of how democracy is configured around freedom, equality and fraternity.     

Preference for upright structure in memory-traces

Summary Rotation in reproduced drawings was investigated as a function of learning and prolonged forgetting (2 1/4 years). One hundred normal persons served as subjects. Using a control situation, a preference for rotating diagonal stimulus lines into upright positions was found. Rotation was most frequent at the first learning trial and disappeared gradually with practice. During forgetting rotation reappeared spontaneously and increased with time distance from learning. There was no significant correlation between rotation observed during learning and forgetting.

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Zusammenfassung In einem Gedächtnisexperiment wurden gezeichnete Reproduktionen auf Rotationseffekte untersucht, und zwar als Funktion des Lernens und prolongierten Vergessens (bis zu 2 1/4 Jahren). Einhundert normale Personen dienten als Versuchspersonen. Mit Hilfe einer Kontrollgruppe wurde eine ausgeprägte Tendenz einer Rotation diagonaler exponierter Reizlinien in aufrecht reproduzierte Linien gefunden. Die Häufigkeit dieser Rotation war bei der ersten Reproduktion am stärksten und verringerte sich zunehmend mit der Übung bis zu ihrer Auslöschung. Während des Vergessens trat der Rotationseffekt spontan wieder auf. Seine Häufigkeit erhöhte sich mit dem zeitlichen Abstand vom Lernexperiment. Es bestand keine bedeutsame Korrelation zwischen der Rotation während des Lernens und des Vergessens.

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The original experiments were conducted in the Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, which was then directed by Prof. Johannes von Allesch.     

流动性、教育安置方式和心理弹性对流动儿童孤独感的影响:一项追踪研究

采用潜变量增长模型对426名流动儿童进行四次追踪测查,旨在考察流动儿童孤独感的变化趋势,探索不同流动性和教育安置方式的流动儿童孤独感变化的差异性以及心理弹性对孤独感变化的促进性作用。结果发现：（1）流动儿童的孤独感呈线性下降趋势;（2）打工子弟学校流动儿童的孤独感起始水平显著高于公立学校流动儿童;流动性高的儿童的孤独感起始水平高于流动性低的儿童,但流动性和教育安置方式对孤独感的发展趋势没有显著预测作用;（3）对于流动儿童来说,较高的心理弹性水平不仅能显著预测更低的孤独感起始水平,同时也能显著预测更快的孤独感的下降速率。本研究启示,增加进入公立学校学习的机会、降低流动频率和提升心理弹性对降低流动儿童的孤独感水平具有重要的意义。     

Equity,Equality, and Need in the Adult Family

Abstract

British students were given scenarios about family and business situations and were asked to rate various cost allocation decisions in terms of fairness and justice, and conflict. In terms of fairness/justice, there was no difference between the need and equity allocations in the family situation, though equity was preferred in the business situation. The equality division was the least preferred in all situations, and equity was judged to be the division the least likely to evoke conflict in all situations.