加强我国卫生领域科研诚信建设的重要性

近几年来,我国的科研不端案例呈不断上升趋势.科技部、教育部、中国科学院,国家自然科学基金委员会、中国科学技术协会等部门或机构已发布了关于科研不端行为的处理规定,然而在我国卫生领域科研不端行为的处理和科研诚信建设方面尚未出台相关政策或指导意见.加强我国卫生领域的科研诚信建设具有重要意义.     

医学科研中的移植方法

医学科研中的移植方法广东医学院马列主义教研室（湛江５２４０２３）张飞燕一、医学研究中移植方法的类型１．以概念或理论为移植体的移植方法在医学研究中,人们常常借助于其它学科的某些概念或理论,导致了医学上重大的理论突破或新的医学治疗方法的产生。早在１６１５...     

医学科研与医学科研伦理的辩证思考

医学科研中出现许多伦理问题。其必然性在于科学与伦理的不同：即属性不同、评价标准不同、变革速度不同。医学伦理可以告诉人们什么样的医学科研活动是善的,什么样的科研行为是应该做的。医学科研中要把握医学伦理观,体现医学科技观,富有医学创新观。     

医学科研或论文中常见的统计学问题

医学统计学在医学科研中占有重要地位,统计方法正确使用与否直接影响论文的结果和质量,但是具体使用过程中统计学方法或指标常常被混淆或使用不妥。本文就科研设计、数据描述、推演结论等方面容易混淆的统计学常见问题进行简要阐述,并举例分析可能出现误用的指标和方法,提高医务工作者对医学统计学的认识。     

医学科研或论文中常见的统计学问题

医学统计学在医学科研中占有重要地位,统计方法正确使用与否直接影响论文的结果和质量,但是具体使用过程中统计学方法或指标常常被混淆或使用不妥.本文就科研设计、数据描述、推演结论等方面容易混淆的统计学常见问题进行简要阐述,并举例分析可能出现误用的指标和方法,提高医务工作者对医学统计学的认识.     

浅谈医学科研思维的逻辑性

医学科研思维过程中最重要的就是医学假说的提出、验证,推理和遵守逻辑思维的过程。它以抽象的概念、判断、推理为思维形式,通过分析、综合、比较、分类等多种逻辑思维方法进行操作,以达到它的最终目的。逻辑思维能力对于医学科研工作者是至关重要的,医学科研工作者应该不断加强逻辑修养,不断提升科研思维水准。     

构建合理的科研诚信观

建设科研诚信、遏制科研不端需要我们树立合理的科研诚信观。在反思科学契约论和委托代理理论的科研诚信观基础上,从利益相关者视角出发,科研诚信建设既不能单纯依靠科研共同体及其成员的自律,也不能单纯依靠公共机构的监督,而是应当将公众也纳入科研诚信建设的主体。科研共同体、公共机构和公众三者是利益相关者关系,科研诚信建设实质上是要正确处理科研诚信利益相关者各方的利益关系,需要利益相关者各方的共同参与。     

论网络社会交往中的个人诚信缺失现象及其治理

本文从网络社会交往是现实社会在网络虚拟空间中的延伸这一观点出发,论述了网络中的个人诚信缺失的表现、根源及其影响,指出治理网络社会交往中的诚信缺失问题不仅需要网络技术的发展以及网民群体自身的规范,还需要在现实社会交往中建立相应的管理和约束机制。     

德国负责任科研及其对我国的启示

随着科学研究的逐步深入,科研不端丑闻在全球范围内频繁出现,并成为各国政府和社会的关注焦点。作为科学研究的重要阵地,德国联邦政府、科学研究机构、高等学校以及主流媒体就应如何负责任的科研、怎样构建科研诚信体系进行了讨论,并形成一系列科研诚信“行为准则”。这些准则的发布和实施在一定程度上推动了德国科学研究的健康发展。文章在剖析德国如何负责任科研的基础上,对我国科研诚信的发展进行了反思,并提出了可行性建议。

     

医学资本的诱惑:SCI问题并非SCI问题

如何看待SCI论文热及其对我国科研工作的影响, 已成为我国医学与教育界普遍关注的问题。SCI论文是我国科研与国际接轨的重要环节, 是科研创新的一种正向动力, 然而, 将SCI指标绝对化、标准化的导向, 则是使SCI问题化的根源所在。实际上, SCI问题的关键已不在SCI本身, 其背后则是深深的伦理问题。因此, 不能仅以SCI论文数量评价科学水平, 而应该建立更科学的评价标准体系, 同时要更多关注我国科学研究的发展方向, 在当今资本利益的驱动下, 遵从伦理道德应是科学家回归人性的最终底线。     

The American experience: Lessons learned

This paper discusses ten lessons learned since 1989 about handling allegations of scientific misconduct involving biomedical and behavioral research supported by the U. S. Public Health Service. An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Office of Research Integrity, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or any other federal agency.     

The role of scientific associations in promoting research integrity and deterring research misconduct

The nature of scientific societies’ relationships with their members limits their ability to promote research integrity. They must therefore leverage their strengths as professional organizations to integrate ethical considerations into their ongoing support of their academic disciplines. This paper suggests five strategies for doing so.     

Effectiveness of research guidelines in prevention of scientific misconduct

In response to a series of allegations of scientific misconduct in the 1980’s, a number of scientific societies, national agencies, and academic institutions, including Harvard Medical School, devised guidelines to increase awareness of optimal scientific practices and to attempt to prevent as many episodes of misconduct as possible. The chief argument for adopting guidelines is to promote good science. There is no evidence that well-crafted guidelines have had any detrimental effect on creativity since they focus on design of research studies, documentation of research findings, assignment of credit through authorship, data management and supervision of trainees, not on the origin and evolution of ideas. This paper addresses a spectrum of causes of scientific misconduct or unacceptable scientific behavior and couples these with estimates of the potential for prevention if guidelines for scientific investigation are adopted. The conclusion is that clear and understandable guidelines should help to reduce the chance that flawed research will escape from our institutions. However, they cannot be relied upon alone to prevent all instances of scientific misconduct and should be regarded rather as one means of bolstering the integrity of the entire scientific enterprise.     

An Examination of Academic Misconduct Intentions and the Ineffectiveness of Syllabus Statements

This experiment uses quantitative and qualitative measures to address the effect of two syllabus statements on academic misconduct: one based on prohibitions and one on academic integrity. Students expressed favorable attitudes toward the statements, showed an increase in guilt compared to a control group, but showed no decrease in intentions to cheat. Including only a standard academic misconduct statement in one's syllabus is not sufficient to alter behavior, which should be acknowledged by faculty.     

重大公共卫生事件下学术论文的科研诚信建设

基于撤稿观察数据库,以生物医药领域COVID-19相关的撤稿论文为研究对象,分析撤稿论文中的学术不端现象,并就重大公共卫生事件背景下的学术论文科研诚信问题提出了一些思考与建议：探讨了重大公共卫生事件下科研诚信与学术论文出版速度的辨证关系,通过对学术论文的出版后再评价常态化完善科研诚信监督机制,通过加强学术论文数据管理和共享建立并完善科研诚信应急管理机制,重视生物医药领域的利益冲突问题,充分发挥学术期刊的公信力和传播优势解释学术争鸣,以及进一步夯实我国学术论文科研诚信建设。

     

医学职业精神视域下的医学生诚信教育研究

开展医学生诚信教育,是培养高素质的医学人才的关键环节,是构建和谐医患关系的基础。从医学职业精神的专业视角分析了诚信的科学内涵及作用,并提出了加强医学生诚信教育,培养医学职业精神的对策建议。     

医学职业精神视域下的医学生诚信教育研究

开展医学生诚信教育,是培养高素质的医学人才的关键环节,是构建和谐医患关系的基础。从医学职业精神的专业视角分析了诚信的科学内涵及作用,并提出了加强医学生诚信教育,培养医学职业精神的对策建议。     

Psychological Teaching-Learning Contracts: Academic Integrity and Moral Psychology

The psychological teaching–learning contract model of academic integrity, presented herein, features a social contract-based mechanism for moral judgment that is hypothesized to underlie the “belief–behavior incongruity,” that is, the noted frequency with which students who believe cheating is immoral still cheat. High school students (N = 493) from 11 international schools in 9 countries participated in the study. Results suggest that students often regard the cheating they do within a given context to be justifiable, that is, not immoral, implying that such behavior is not incongruous with their moral beliefs.     

Ethical implications in the allocation of scarce medical resources in Poland

The health care system in Poland is undergoing major change and it is possible that these changes could affect clinical research. Therefore, the situation of funding of health care is important for the future of medical research in this country. Some questions relevant in this field will be addressed. Since funds for health care and scientific research remain inadequate, their allocation raises moral, economic, legal and organisational dilemmas. The clinical aspects of resource allocation also include physicians’ responsibilities towards their patients. Scientific research, clinical medicine, and clinical research have a common denominator: they rely on trust. The physician should be a fiduciary of the patient as well as being a researcher for the benefit of the patient and for society. Some physicians and researchers, despite unethical conduct, escape disclosure and punishment, but decision-makers who wrongly allocate funds for health care and research are never held accountable for their actions. An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998.