企业环境责任的伦理考量

责任伦理是面向未来的一种伦理概念.企业责任伦理的缺失是我国环境污染日趋严重不可忽视的因素之一.企业作为环境污染中的主体,必须为其行为后果承担责任.当我们强调作为集体的企业的责任伦理,强调企业对其行为所导致的后果负责时,其实质即指企业在责任伦理下的社会责任承担问题.     

临床决策支持系统应用中的伦理思考

基于人工智能技术的临床决策支持系统(clinical decision support system, CDSS)是可以辅助临床医护人员进行医疗决策的交互式系统。基于知识库和非知识库的两种形式和临床应用情况逐步被熟知。CDSS意在通过解决目前医疗资源不足、配置不合理和标准化治疗不规范等问题提高医疗质量,但也面临着医疗信任、诊断准确性、诊断标准、责任归属等潜在挑战。在CDSS研发与应用中,只有秉持以患者为中心的理念,提高CDSS安全性、明确其诊断标准,才能提升信任基础,从而真正回归临床并提高患者福利。

     

COVID-19防控的责任伦理考量

在积极应对疫情防控引发的法律及现实问题的同时,应该更加关注其责任伦理问题。如个人自由与公共责任冲突的问题,特殊从业者与职业责任冲突的问题,政府公权力的行使主体与个人知情同意的冲突问题。针对上述问题,基于责任伦理原则,提出培养个人责任伦理意识,形成群体认知共识、制定特殊人员免责条款,约束集体无意识的责任迷失、政府明确社会组织主体行使公权力的权利及限度等具体对策完善COVID-19防控机制,以保护人民的生命健康权益,促进当前及未来社会的稳定发展。

     

环境伦理作为责任伦理

环境伦理学到底是关于人与环境的伦理关系的学说 ,还是与环境问题有关的伦理学 ?既然环境问题归根到底是国际公正和代际公正的问题 ,必须通过政治、经济和法律的手段来解决 ,那么 ,我们是否需要环境伦理学 ?这些困惑和怀疑促使人们重新思考这样的问题 :我们到底该如何建构环境伦理学 ?本文认为 ,环境伦理学只有被理解为一种责任伦理 ,才能既获得理论奠基 ,又发挥其应有的实践指引能力。     

负责任的研究与创新视角下的医学研究伦理责任探究

近年来,“负责任的研究与创新”(responsible research and innovation,RRI)成为科技伦理和科技政策研究的风行概念。把RRI理念引入到医学科研治理实践,提出要扩展伦理责任范围,强化社会责任担当,把预测、评估、伦理反思纳入到医学科研的全过程,建立科研信息和公众意见之间的双向反馈和动态响应机制,加强政策和决策过程的公开透明和社会参与性,促进医学研究者与社会公众间伙伴关系的形成,包容性的协商过程实现协作共赢。     

行政责任的三重伦理考量

行政责任需要伦理考量以确定其正当性.行政责任并不是框架上的条文,它有其内在的道德基础.通过对行政自由裁量权、行政自主权以及以岗位为基础的行政活动中人的自由意志的三重分析,进而探讨行政人作为行政主体、公民、人的三重角色所承载的责任和使命,才能真正使行政人树立确切的道德责任感.     

责任伦理视角下人类胚胎干细胞研究的法律规制

人类胚胎干细胞技术的迅猛发展对科学研究和医疗有着重大意义,但不可避免带来了一系列的社会、伦理难题.仅靠弹性很大的行业伦理规范不足以防范科技风险,有必要寻求法律制度的回应.责任伦理作为科技时代的伦理,为解决科技发展带来的伦理争议提供了新的纬度和伦理指导.应以责任伦理学为思维框架,在责任监管和制裁机制的构建等方面进行探索.     

艾滋病与责任伦理建构

人类自从20世纪80年代,美国首次发现并报道艾滋病以来,艾滋病已经成为了历史上最恐怖的传染病之一.据中国卫生部副部长朱庆生透露,目前中国已有84万艾滋病病毒感染者,其中艾滋病病人8万名.中国正处于艾滋病出现泛滥之前的关键时期.如果在这一关键阶段不采取有力的防治措施,"中国将成为世界上艾滋病感染人数最多的国家之一,艾滋病的流行将成为国家性灾难."[1]然而,迄今为止,人们还有意或无意地把艾滋病归结为个人的道德危机,而忽视了对造成艾滋病蔓延的社会、文化、经济等因素的关注.把艾滋病当作他者的事情,很难使公众确立艾滋病的危险意识和责任意识,认识到这是人类的共同危机.     

有关责任伦理几个问题的认识

对责任伦理的研究和实践能极大地促进伦理学的实践,进一步完善伦理学的建设。对责任伦理有多种理解,本文认为责任伦理要解决的问题主要不是主观意图的责任意识,而是指人们在履行伦理原则、规范的行为过程中对他人、对社会实际产生的效应。责任伦理的着眼点是伦理效应。只有从实际发生的伦理效应才能真实地判断伦理的责任是否到位。重视伦理原则、规范在实际应用中发生的伦理冲突,区分责任伦理的不同性质和类型,构建落实责任伦理的完整链条,是落实责任的基本途径。     

企业社会责任伦理探析

企业社会责任的影响日益增大,需要探讨其本质、进程、影响因素并推动其发展.企业社会责任本质上是伦理道德责任.企业社会责任由理念到运动,经历了由小到大、由弱到强的变化.企业社会责任受社会文化条件、经济条件和技术条件的影响而在不同时期凸显出不同的伦理内涵和实践要求.     

Four Roles of Ethical Theory in Clinical Ethics Consultation

When clinical ethics committee members discuss a complex ethical dilemma, what use do they have for normative ethical theories? Members without training in ethical theory may still contribute to a pointed and nuanced analysis. Nonetheless, the knowledge and use of ethical theories can play four important roles: aiding in the initial awareness and identification of the moral challenges, assisting in the analysis and argumentation, contributing to a sound process and dialogue, and inspiring an attitude of reflexivity. These four roles of ethical theory in clinical ethics consultation are described and their significance highlighted, while an example case is used as an illustration throughout.     

Integrating Contextual Issues in Ethical Decision Making

Many issues in ethics arise in relation to the contexts in which psychologists work. However, most ethical decision-making models reproduce the way in which psychologists tend to approach ethics by focusing on ethical dilemmas and proposing a step-by-step response to deal with them. Although these models might be useful, their emphasis on reactive approaches and their lack of contextualization constitute significant limitations on their applicability. In this article, an approach to ethical decision making that highlights the importance of the context in developing proactive strategies to solve ethical issues is proposed. This approach is further explained through its application to medical and rural settings. The implications of these suggestions to the training in ethics are finally discussed.     

Teaching Ethical Decision Making: Designing a Personal Value Portrait to Ignite Creativity and Promote Personal Engagement in Case Method Analysis

The case method approach to introducing ethical issues is a traditional tool for applying critical thinking skills to a specific dilemma (Beauchamp &; Childress, 2001 Beauchamp, T. L. and Childress, J. F. 2001. Principles of biomedical ethics, 5th, New York: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar]). It allows for personal reflection and clarification of an individual's conceptual framework for deciding what is and is not ethical behavior. However, it also affords the student distance from the story line and may, through providing a retrospective critique, prevent sufficient challenge to the student to articulate and defend personal value assessments in addressing the ethical dynamics reflected in the case. Providing teaching exercises that encourage the creation of language to form that conceptual framework and a comfort in using that language allows the student to not only identify ethical issues but also recognize and more effectively communicate the struggles with molding a personal values portrait to apply to such cases.     

企业中的道德决策

企业道德决策研究主要关注个体如何进行道德决策,以及哪些因素影响企业中的道德决策这两个基本问题。首先介绍企业道德决策的主要理论模型;然后简要总结实证研究的研究方法和基本结论;最后分析以往研究中存在的问题,并展望我国的企业道德决策研究     

心灵的挑战：医生责任伦理问题与诉求

道德赤字、人性亏损是当代医学最大的危机,单纯法律、伦理、制度已难以管控医生的真实医疗行为,现代医学正面临前所未有的道德冲击和人性挑战。作为一种新道德思维,医学责任伦理具有新的精神气质和新的伦理追求,它超越传统的道德思维局限性,以他者的思维方式重新审视医学责任,开辟了一条解决现代医学面临的道德难题的新路径。责任伦理要求医生不仅要具备精湛的医术,更要具有善良的人格,要践行一种自愿的、主动的、不求回报的伦理责任,让医学技术为社会可持续、为人类健康和子孙后代造福。     

Students' Ethical Awareness and Conceptions of Research Ethics

The study focused on university students' understanding and conceptions of ethical issues in research. Domain-specific and domain-transcending measures were developed to gauge the students' awareness of ethical issues. Responses were obtained from 269 undergraduate and graduate students at a U.S. regional university. Participant withdrawal, the debriefing of research participants, the dissemination of findings, and giving credit to co-contributors were the most challenging ethical issues for the students. Ethical awareness was predicted by professional and organizational socialization, and perspective taking. Contextualization greatly improved the students' ability to recognize ethical issues. Simulations and role-taking are suggested as the means with which to teach students about the ethical issues perceived as challenging.     

Teaching Ethical Decision Making: Helping Students Reconcile Personal and Professional Values

Because conflicts between personal and professional values can interfere with ethical decision making, a goal of counselor education must be helping students reconcile such conflicts. This article describes one counselor educator's experience teaching ethical decision making and the effects on student learning. Growth was observed in increased tolerance for ambiguity, awareness of how values influenced decision making, use of multiple factors in decision making, and emphasis on the welfare of clients. Implications for teaching and future research directions are discussed.