墨家鬼神观新论

墨家与儒家"敬鬼神而远之"的态度不同,墨家吸收了殷商重鬼神的文化传统,认为鬼神实有、鬼神具有赏善罚恶的能力。墨家的鬼神观体现了墨家对良性治理之道的追问,鬼神具有明知能力,可以赏善罚恶,鬼神是实现墨家"义政"的保障。墨家的鬼神观有一个根本的转向,由传统强调鬼神的宗教功能慢慢转变为强调鬼神的政治功能,统治者要尊天敬鬼,要善待百姓,才能得到鬼神之福、人民之亲。可以说,敬畏鬼神才能建立良善的社会秩序。同时,墨家的鬼神观也依然具有道德内涵与宗教内涵,人们要敬畏鬼神,重视祭祀。不过,墨家对鬼神观念的政治功能化解释中,鬼神本身所具有的超越性、神圣性也被政治功能化解释慢慢消解。     

上博简《鬼神之明》学派考辨——兼论鬼神研究中的思维定式问题

学者们研究《鬼神之明》时,无论是肯定、部分肯定还是否定简文与墨家的关系,均多围绕墨家展开讨论。运用同样的逻辑进行分析,《鬼神之明》也可以是儒家的佚文或儒家别派的作品。春秋战国时期怀疑鬼神的公正、能力,甚至怀疑鬼神存在者并不鲜见,可见《鬼神之明》中"鬼神有所明有所不明"的思想不属墨家特有,而是春秋战国时期不少有识之士的共同看法,因而仅仅凭借"鬼神"思想来判定学派属性是靠不住的。当今学界判定学派属性,出现"鬼神"观念便联想与墨家有关,于是使用各种方法加以论证,甚至不惜"削足适履"。这种思维定式值得我们反思。     

鬼神、道德、幸福——孔子、老子、墨子三家幸福观试较

从文字学的角度考察中国文化中早期的幸福观念,其与鬼神有着直接的相关性。祭祀神鬼是中国先民祈福必经的进路,天命信仰与幸福获取合而为一。周人提出以德配天,开始反思祭祀行为与幸福结果的直接对应性。孔子、老子、墨子三家承续西周鬼神与幸福问题之探讨,分别从道德、哲学、信仰三个不同的维度超越西周的天命幸福论。     

张载的鬼神观

本文以张载的鬼神观为研究对象,从哲学、祭祀和世俗信仰三个不同层面考察了张载对鬼神的论述,对其鬼神观的哲学化做了详细的讨论。鬼神观是张载气论的一部分;他对祖先的鬼神的理解建立在自然主义的生死聚散说的基础之上,由此否认有世俗一般所谓的鬼神。哲学性的鬼神观念成为张载鬼神思想的主导。     

孔子敬事鬼神原因新探

孔子相信并敬畏鬼神,这与他所处的时代以及他的出身、文化背景有密切关系。春秋时期,社会转型虽然已经开始,但是整个社会仍然弥漫着浓厚的崇敬鬼神的气息。同时,孔子又是殷遗民,受到殷商"尚鬼神"文化的影响,而儒本身也起源于殷商,并主要从事相礼、祭祖、事神等活动。这些因素制约和影响着孔子的鬼神观念,使得孔子不仅没有否定鬼神,还始终以敬畏的态度对待鬼神。     

论孔子的信仰

在20世纪的中国思想史中,孔子的信仰问题很大程度被遮蔽了,对孔子信仰的诠释表现为一个除魅过程,其结果不但遗失孔子信仰的真意,且将孔子学说中的宗教信仰和人文理性这两个不可分割的面向对立起来.本文对以往学术界有关孔子天命观的几种主要解释范式进行辨析,指出其解读方法上的不足,并从信仰对象、信仰态度、信仰的情感及人格塑造等方面解读孔子信仰的内涵,力图还原孔子信仰的本来意蕴.另从中国古代宗教史的角度探讨了孔子所以"敬鬼神而远之"的原因,揭示其天命信仰与鬼神观的关系,突显孔子天命信仰所具有的伦理宗教特质.     

鬼神病因观与巫术疗法的沿革

虽然对"巫"的抵制历代不绝,然而在我国古代医疗活动中,巫术疗法仍长期占有一席之地。传统的鬼神信仰是这一现象的思想根源,人们相信疾病可由鬼神作祟而致,由此导致了社会对巫术治疗的需求。医学领域中亦形成了相应的鬼神病因观,一些巫术疗法在一定范围内得到医家以及律法的认可。虽然当巫术治疗成为借鬼神诈财惑众的工具时,"巫"会受到严厉的打击,而"医"作为有效的打击手段得到一定的宣扬。但这些打击所针对的并非鬼神信仰本身,由此不可能实现真正意义上的"禁巫"。     

论张载鬼神观念及其在无神论史上的贡献

张载的鬼神观念，是一种全新的，在最大程度上摆脱了世俗迷信信仰的鬼神理论。但是，张载鬼神观念的义理化转向．并非是一种对传统超验意义鬼神的替代。而是立足于传统原始本质的鬼神．并在此基础上赋予了义理化的内涵，从而发明了义理与祭祀相统一的鬼神观念。由于他的创造有力地抨击了传统社会的世俗鬼神迷信信仰，所以他在无神论史上也留下了浓重的一笔。     

试论彝族文化中的鬼神观

在基督教传入彝族之前,彝族文化从整体上引导着彝族人的生活与伦常。彝族文化中的鬼神观主要体现在彝文古籍中。本文主要从文献与实践相结合的角度来论述彝族文化中的鬼神观和诸神崇拜。最后,就彝族原始宗教与基督教中的某些教义进行对比,从而探究其中的相似之处。     

段正元的鬼神观

段正元站在儒家“介乎鬼神有无之间”的立场上,吸收释道鬼神思想,持用“因材施教”教化原则,借灵魂和鬼神之说开展道德教化活动,所以他的鬼神观兼有理性主义和神秘主义的双重色彩,并着重强调重人事以达“神我相通”的境界.     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.