亲子冲突与青少年社会适应的关系

从北京市四所普通中学选取 82 9名初一、初二、高一和高二学生为被试 ,采取匿名的方式让被试报告自己在过去半年内分别与父亲和母亲在学业、做家务、交友、花钱、日常生活安排、外表、家庭成员关系和隐私等八个方面发生冲突的频率 ,以及自己的问题行为、抑郁和社交焦虑的情况 ,以此探讨亲子冲突与青少年社会适应之间的关系。结果发现 :(1 )父子和母子在冲突内容上有很大的差别 ;母子冲突多于父子冲突 ,且母子冲突和父子冲突的侧重点也有所不同。 (2 )在学业和生活方面 ,发生亲子冲突的青少年远多于没有亲子冲突的青少年 ,但在其余六个方面却是没有亲子冲突的青少年多于发生亲子冲突的青少年。在发生亲子冲突的青少年中 ,与双亲均发生冲突的青少年最多 ,其次是只与母亲发生冲突的青少年 ,与父亲发生冲突的青少年最少。 (3 )亲子冲突与青少年的抑郁和问题行为具有较为一致的关系 ,即与双亲发生冲突的青少年所表现的问题行为和抑郁最多 ,其次是与单亲发生冲突的青少年 ,问题行为和抑郁表现最少的是与双亲均无冲突的青少年 ;但亲子冲突与青少年社交焦虑之间的关系并没有一致的趋势。     

长时间相处是亲子关系的保护性因素吗？——疫情背景下基于微博大数据的质性分析

采用大数据技术与质性分析相结合的方式，探索疫情期间青少年长时间与父母相处的条件下，亲子冲突的演变特征。方法：利用Python3.8编写程序，以“亲子冲突、初中生、高中生、青少年、冲突、父母、与父母冲突”等为关键词在微博平台上搜索个人发布的内容，经数据整理，选择286条微博文本纳入文本分析，用NVivo12质性分析软件辅助编码。结果：亲子冲突的表达包含了冲突诱因、冲突类型、冲突领域，和冲突管理策略等四个方面的特征。结论：研究建构了冲突诱因、冲突领域、冲突类型和冲突应对策略之间的关系模型。亲子冲突的发生是在社会文化背景下，由于家庭功能失调引发的亲子互动方式异常。亲子冲突发生以后，取积极应对策略有助于家庭功能的良性调节。     

青少年亲子冲突处理策略问卷的编制及其应用

通过文献分析和实证研究,构建了亲子冲突处理策略的理论维度,并据此编制了青少年亲子冲突处理策略问卷。914名适龄被试接受测试,结果显示,该问卷具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为青少年亲子冲突处理策略的测量工具。研究发现,青少年亲子冲突处理策略有如下特点:①青少年处理亲子冲突的策略主要有主动解决问题策略、屈服让步策略、回避冲突策略、反抗攻击策略、他人调节策略。②青少年在亲子冲突处理策略的使用上具有显著的类型、性别、年龄差异,且冲突对象不同,策略的使用也有显著的差异性。     

青少年亲子冲突研究综述

本文对青少年亲子冲突的研究进行了综述。在对亲子冲突概念充分界定的基础上,介绍了亲子冲突涉及的相关理论,包括精神分析理论、社会生物学理论、家庭系统理论、社会认知模型,并阐明了影响青少年亲子冲突的几大因素,如青少年所处的年龄段、父母的教养方式、父母的婚姻质量。最后在上述理论基础上提出了家庭干预和学校干预两大青少年亲子冲突的应对策略。     

亲子三角关系和心理韧性在父母冲突与青少年问题行为之间的作用:一个有调节的中介模型

为了考察三种亲子三角关系在父母冲突与青少年问题行为之间的中介作用,以及心理韧性在其中的调节作用,本研究对647名初中生进行了问卷调查。有调节的中介模型结果显示,（1）在控制了年龄和性别之后,父母冲突对青少年问题行为的正向预测作用显著;（2）亲子三角关系中的“替罪羊”和“跨代同盟”在父母冲突与青少年问题行为之间的中介作用显著,“亲职化”的中介作用不显著;（3）心理韧性对“父母冲突→替罪羊\跨代同盟→问题行为”的后半段具有显著的调节作用。上述结果表明,父母冲突可以通过“替罪羊”和“跨代同盟”间接影响青少年问题行为,高度卷入“替罪羊”或“跨代同盟”之后高心理韧性的青少年出现的问题行为要少于低心理韧性的同龄人。     

青少年健康心理的培养

青少年时期是人生的黄金阶段,是个体发育、发展的最宝贵、最富有特色的时期。我国著名医学专家吴阶平教授这样说:“这个时期,生理上心理上都出现了很大变化,而且变化非常快,幅度非常大。往往说这个时期是一个暴风骤雨时期,但是他们心理还不成熟,还有许多问题弄不清,是幼稚的,情绪上还不成熟,需要家长和教师的帮助。”因此,在注重身体健康的同时,培养青少年的健康心理对其健康成长至关重要。     

青春期的性意识与性教育

告别了童年时代,青少年迎来了人生黎明风景般的青春期,这是一个“急风暴雨”的时期,也有人称之为“第二反抗期”、“最难接受教育的年龄期”、“最易见教育成效的年龄期”、“最危险的年龄期”。随着青春脚步的迈进,青少年在感觉到青春热血涌动的同时也体验到性意识的萌动。性意识是人对性的认识和态     

青少年家庭人际关系的特点及其对社会适应的作用机制

考察青少年家庭人际关系的特点,并探讨家庭人际关系、总体家庭功能对青少年社会适应的作用机制。采用问卷调查对6城市的2341名中学生进行集体施测。结果发现:(1)青少年的家庭人际关系存在性别和年级差异。女生亲子依恋的得分显著高于男生;在亲子冲突上,初一年级显著低于其它年级;在亲子依恋、父母亲密、父母冲突上,各年级两两之间均存在显著差异。(2)青少年的家庭人际关系可分为四类:和谐型、高亲子冲突型、高父母冲突型、双高冲突型,分别占30.6%,24.9%,24.4%,20.1%,不同类型的青少年在社会适应各维度上的得分存在显著差异。(3)总体家庭功能在父母冲突和青少年积极适应之间以及父母亲密和消极适应之间起完全中介作用;在亲子依恋与积极适应、父母亲密与积极适应、亲子依恋与消极适应、父母冲突与消极适应之间起部分中介作用。     

COMT基因rs6267多态性与青少年期亲子亲合与冲突的关系：性别与父母教养行为的调节作用分析

采用基因－环境设计, 以208名初中生为被试, 系统考察COMT基因rs6267多态性与青少年期亲子亲合与冲突的关系, 以及性别与父母教养行为在其中的调节作用。结果显示rs6267多态性对亲子关系无显著主效应, 但其与亲子亲合、母子情绪冲突的关联模式在男女青少年群体中相反; rs6267多态性与父母积极教养行为对亲子关系无显著交互作用, 但其与母亲消极教养行为对母子冲突具有交互作用趋势。     

青少年的父子关系、母子关系及其对抑郁的影响

以438名青少年为被试,考察青少年的亲子关系及其对抑郁的影响。结果发现：（1）青少年母亲支持高于父亲支持,母子冲突高于父子冲突,随年级升高,父母支持减少亲子冲突增多;（2）7年级仅亲子冲突显著预测抑郁,5、10年级父母支持和亲子冲突均显著预测抑郁,但5年级母亲支持和父子冲突仅预测女孩的抑郁;（3）对于10年级女孩,父女冲突较低时,母亲支持越高其抑郁越少,但父女冲突较高时,母亲支持并不能减缓其抑郁情绪。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.