语义联系类型和强度对预期推理生成的制约作用

首先采用开放式问卷实验方法,由被试生成日常生活中的事件以及组成这些事件的各种活动和活动的参加者。然后,对这些事件熟悉性、对活动的典型性和可区分性三个维度进行主观评价,形成事件以及每个事件活动序列,并据此编制实验材料。实验主要考察活动的典型性和可区分性对于熟悉性高的事件的预期推理的影响,以及不同工作记忆能力的被试进行事件预期推理时的加工模式。实验结果表明：（１）高工艺记忆能力的被试对事件的预期量小于     

青少年预期推理的眼动实验研究

本研究采用2(工作记忆容量:高、低)×2(语境:高预期性、低预期性)×2(靶词:一致性、不一致性)×3(年级:初中二年级、高中二年级、大学二年级)的实验设计,每个年级由高、低容量工作记忆各10人组成。用眼动仪探讨在阅读高预期材料时预期推理产生的心理机制。结果发现:(1)在阅读过程中,预期推理是延时产生的,结果支持建构主义理论;(2)在阅读过程中,被试的工作记忆容量越高,他们产生预期推理的可能性也就越大;(3)在阅读过程中,预期推理的产生有一个发展过程,具体为初中阶段还处于发展的状态,并一直延续到高中阶段,高中阶段之后预期推理能力的发展已经趋于平缓。     

文本阅读中预期推理生成的容量制约性

本研究通过操纵读者信息加工的时间量考察了工作记忆容量对预期推理生成的影响性质。结果表明,如果没有信息加工时间的限制,则工作记忆容量低的读者也能表现出在阅读中生成预期推理的证据,而如果读者的阅读加工时间受一定限制,则工作记忆容量低者建构预期推理的证据随着被允许的加工时间的缩短而逐渐消失。结果支持“工作记忆容量只影响阅读中预期推理建构速度”的观点。     

文本阅读过程中目标焦点的预期推理

探讨文本阅读过程中目标焦点是否引起即时的预期推理。采用移动窗口技术,让被试阅读16篇含有目标信息的记叙文。实验1和实验2探讨已进入长时记忆中的尚未实现的目标是否作为阅读的焦点对阅读目标行为进行预期推理。实验3探讨已经实现的目标是否作为阅读的焦点对阅读目标行为产生预期作用。实验结果表明,对目标的预期推理是可以即时发生的,在目标未实现的情况下,读者会对目标信息进行预期推理;在目标已经实现的情况下,读者对有关目标的信息不产生预期推理。     

移动窗口条件下不同工作记忆者阅读差异的眼动研究

采用EyelinkⅡ眼动仪为工具,考察在移动窗口条件下不同工作记忆容量读者的阅读差异。实验为5（窗口大小：1个字、3个字、5个字、7个字、4×25个字）×2（工作记忆容量：高、低）混合设计。结果表明：随着窗口大小的增加,阅读时间、注视次数、眼跳次数显著减少,阅读速度显著加快,眼跳幅度显著增加。与低工作记忆容量被试相比,高工作记忆容量被试能够更好地整合文章信息,进行更有效的阅读。     

注意、工作记忆与推理能力发展的关系

该研究以113名7、10、13岁的儿童青少年为被试,考察了注意、工作记忆与推理能力发展的关系。研究结果表明,7～13岁期间,注意与工作记忆在推理能力的发展中起十分重要的作用,然而注意与工作记忆的作用在不同年龄组之间略有差异;在儿童7岁时,注意对推理的影响显著,工作记忆对推理的影响不显著;到儿童10岁时,注意和工作记忆对推理的影响均显著,但工作记忆开始在注意与推理之间起部分中介的作用;13岁时,工作记忆对推理的影响显著,并在注意与推理之间起完全中介的作用。     

自我解释与工作记忆对汉语阅读理解的影响

采用组间实验设计,以汉语科技说明文为阅读材料,探讨自我解释与工作记忆对汉语阅读理解的影响以及工作记忆对自我解释活动本身的影响.结果表明:(1)自我解释活动促进了被试对文本的理解.(2)较高的言语工作记忆容量对汉语阅读理解有促进作用.(3)高工作记忆容量组比低工作记忆容量组不仅在阅读过程中产生了更多数量的自我解释,而且还更多地使用衔接和推理的解释模式.     

推理与工作记忆

系统地总结了推理与工作记忆的研究进展,具体包括：（1）工作记忆的含义及其在推理中作用的相关研究;（2）推理与工作记忆关系的理论模型;（3）不同类型推理与工作记忆的实验研究;（4）推理与工作记忆的认知神经研究;（5）推理与工作记忆的未来研究展望     

工作记忆、表达方式和同质性对线性三段论推理影响的眼动研究

采用眼动记录法,探讨了工作记忆、两个前提间的关系以及表达方式对线性三段论推理的影响。本实验采用2（表达方式：肯定、否定）×2（前提间的关系：同质、不同质）×2（工作记忆容量：高、低）的混合设计。通过分析总注视时间、第一次注视时间、第二次注视时间和回视,发现线性三段论推理过程既有语言加工的参与又有表象加工的参与。推理过程中的语言表征过程和空间关系的建立都受到工作记忆容量的影响,被试的工作记忆容量越高,就越容易建立语言表征和空间的关系。     

事件工作记忆的近因效应

顺序效应是工作记忆研究中值得关注的问题。本研究考察事件工作记忆的顺序效应。实验采用工作记忆变化觉察范式,要求被试记忆序列呈现的五个生物运动事件。正确率和反应时的结果一致发现,仅序列中最后一个事件的正确率显著高于其他位置,而反应时显著低于其他位置,即事件的序列工作记忆存在显著近因效应,但没有首因效应。事件工作记忆的顺序效应与其他视觉客体（如色块、朝向）类似,而与事件长时记忆的顺序效应不同。     

The effect of foregrounding on readers’ use of predictive inferences

This research extends previous attempts to determine whether subjects make predictive inferences during comprehension. For example, when subjects read a passage about someone falling out of a 14th-story window, do they infer that the person is dead? Previous research in which lexical decision, word naming, and recognition tasks have been used for detecting predictive inferences has had mixed results. In experiment 1, a word-stem completion task was used to test for predictive inferences. The word stems were formed from target inferences that followed either priming or control passages. The data revealed that predictive inferences are generated only about concepts that are foregrounded in the passages. In Experiments 2 and 3, lexical decision and naming were used to test for predictive inferences. The lexical decision data replicated the word-stem completion data. A control experiment ruled out a simple context-checking explanation for the lexical decision results. The naming data indicated that this tasks was not sensitive to elaborative inference generation. Theresults show that readers make predictive inferences, but do so selectively.     

Working Memory Capacity and Time Course of Predictive Inferences

A naming task assessed activation of inference concepts during reading. A predicting, or a control, context sentence was followed by a target word to be named, which represented the predicted event or an inconsistent event. The interval between the end of the context and the onset of the target word varied between 50 and 1050-msec. Individual differences in working memory capacity were assessed by the reading span task. As reflected by facilitation in naming latencies in the predicting condition, relative to the control condition, (a) inferences were not made within the first 50-msec after the context, regardless of reading span; (b) only the high-span participants drew inferences within a 550-msec interval; and, (c) both the high-and the low-span participants generated them within a 1050-msec interval. These results indicate that high working memory capacity accelerates the time course of predictive inferences, although they do not become automatic. We propose that this effect occurs because these inferences involve time-consuming elaborations that place demands on the effortful and limited resources of working memory. Deficiencies in word knowledge, speed of lexical access, or comprehension of explicit information do not account for low-span readers' difficulties in generating predictive inferences.     

Working memory capacity and time course of predictive inferences

A naming task assessed activation of inference concepts during reading. A predicting, or a control, context sentence was followed by a target word to be named, which represented the predicted event or an inconsistent event. The interval between the end of the context and the onset of the target word varied between 50 and 1050 msec. Individual differences in working memory capacity were assessed by the reading span task. As reflected by facilitation in naming latencies in the predicting condition, relative to the control condition, (a) inferences were not made within the first 50 msec after the context, regardless of reading span; (b) only the high-span participants drew inferences within a 550-msec interval; and, (c) both the high- and the low-span participants generated them within a 1050-msec interval. These results indicate that high working memory capacity accelerates the time course of predictive inferences, although they do not become automatic. We propose that this effect occurs because these inferences involve time-consuming elaborations that place demands on the effortful and limited resources of working memory. Deficiencies in word knowledge, speed of lexical access, or comprehension of explicit information do not account for low-span readers' difficulties in generating predictive inferences.     

自然阅读与校对阅读的知觉广度研究

采用经典的移动窗口技术,以Eyelink2000型眼动仪为工具,探讨了自然阅读和校对阅读两种不同的任务对中文阅读知觉广度的影响,结果表明：（1）与校对阅读条件相比,自然阅读条件下的阅读速度更快、眼跳幅度更大。（2）自然阅读条件下被试的知觉广度为注视点右侧2-3个字;校对阅读条件下被试的知觉广度仅为注视点1个字的空间。结果说明,读者在校对阅读和自然阅读条件下采用了不同的阅读策略,阅读知觉广度的大小受任务要求的影响。     

Effects of spatial disruptions on reading speed for fast and slow readers.

Forty-five subjects read three paragraphs at their normal reading speed and were timed. The first paragraph was presented normally, and the others were shown either with spaces that had been filled in or with spaces that were randomized in size. The subjects' initial reading speed declined with both alterations, but to a greater extent with the filled text. Moreover, the reduction in reading speed was greater for the 10 fastest readers than for the 10 slowest readers. This pattern of performance may reflect a floor effect with slower readers in the filled condition, but the authors interpreted the results as providing further support for Hochberg's peripheral search guidance (PSG; 1970) stage of reading.     

熟悉主题说明文阅读推理加工的认知神经机制

采用功能磁共振成像(Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI)技术对熟悉主题说明文阅读过程因果推理加工进行研究, 探讨说明文阅读过程中读者是否能够自发进行因果推理加工, 以及阅读焦点的存在是否会对说明文阅读过程中的因果推理加工产生影响。结果表明, 读者在熟悉主题说明文阅读过程中能够自动进行推理加工, 负责推理加工的主要脑区为额叶(尤其是额下回)、顶叶下部及双侧楔前叶等区域。在熟悉主题说明文阅读过程中, 阅读焦点的存在一定程度上使读者的认知加工资源集中在对与焦点相关的推理关系的加工上。     

Memory Span,Naming Speed,and Memory Strategies in Poor and Normal Readers

Eleven-year-old severely impaired poor readers failed to show a word length effect with pictorial presentation, but showed an effect of equal magnitude to that of reading age and chronological age controls with auditory presentation. The lack of a pictorial word length effect was unlikely to be due to slow speed of naming skills, as in one study these were at least as fast as those of the reading age controls. It is possible that the poor readers failed to verbally encode the pictures. However, they reported using verbal rehearsal, and lip movements were often observed during presentation, suggesting that they did verbally encode the items. Therefore they may have failed to show a word length effect because they did not retrieve information from the phonological store at recall. Although the poor readers had impaired naming speed skills for their age on both discrete item identification and articulation rate tasks, they could not be equated with their chronological age controls on memory span or reading when these naming speed differences were controlled. However, the groups were matched on the naming speed measures when differences in reading ability were controlled.     

On-line predictive inferences in reading: Processing timeduring versusafter the priming context

Prior research suggests that predictive inferences take time to construct on-line. The present study examines the relative contribution of time available during and after reading an inducing context. In six experiments, we manipulated the presentation rate of the context and the delay between the onset of the last word in the context and a target word. A predicting, or a control, sentence context was followed by a target word, which represented the predicted event or an unlikely event. The results indicated that increasing the time available during reading of the context improved comprehension of explicit information, but it did not affect construction of inferences. In contrast, increasing the delay at the end of the context did not affect explicit comprehension, but it enhanced the probability of inferences, as revealed by shorter latencies in naming the predictable target word after the inducing context, relative to the control context. These findings show that readers defer making predictive inferences until 1 sec after the sentence context has been read, regardless of the time available when they are processing the context.