创造力研究的新领域:合作创造力

创造力研究已经从重视个体创造力逐渐走向重视具有复杂互动功能的合作创造力。本文首先论述了合作创造力研究的产生及特点,然后总结了合作创造领域目前研究的主要问题,如个体与群体同一性、个体与群体动机以及有助于创造的个体及环境因素,并指出合作创造力研究领域需要解决的问题,认为应在重视合作创造过程与机制研究的基础上,建构系统的合作创造力理论,同时注重研究合作创造力的支持环境与支持技术,并且发展出合作创造力的评估体系。     

关于警校班级群体心理气氛的研究

1引言西方学者曾提出各种理论来研究群体、组织的心理气氛．莫利诺（J．L．Moremo）用社会测量法测量群体内部的心理结果,以了解群体内人与人之间的心理关系、各成员在群体内的地位、以及群体内聚力等。而贝尔斯（Base）、钮科姆（Ne、ome）、霍曼斯（Ho。。e）和费斯廷格（Festinger）等的相互作用理论则认为,人在群体中的地位、他的积极性水平的最重要的指标乃是他和群体成员的相互作用或他与群体成员之间沟通行为的数量。前苏联学者认为对心理气氛的研究项注意三种关系,即（1）群体成员间的垂直关系;（2）群体成员间的水平关系;…     

集体仪式促进群体情绪感染的机制

近年来, 诸多学者将研究视角投向群体情绪感染, 即群体内部成员间的情绪感染交互过程。群体情绪感染不仅包括个体间的直接情绪感染, 而且受到群体认同、共同行为以及集体规则等多方面因素的影响。基于集体仪式的过程框架, 分析集体仪式的三要素即同步动作、共享注意和共享意义与群体情绪感染的关系, 能更清楚阐述群体情绪感染的发生与增强过程：集体仪式通过自我定型和自我锚定增强群体认同, 在认同基础上的身份融合促进个体关注群体身份, 导致个体的自我表征发生转化, 社会自我的突出使其更容易接受群体的观点和情感表达, 最终增强了群体情绪感染。未来研究应进一步考察群体情绪感染的影响因素并丰富其测量方法。     

群体多样性研究的理论述评——基于群体断层理论的反思

群体多样性研究迄今为止已经取得了丰硕的研究成果, 但是群体多样性对群体过程和群体效能的影响机制仍然存在大量不甚明了的地方。本文首先回顾群体多样性近期的研究进展, 在此基础上着重阐述基于群体断层理论的多样性研究的一系列理论成果和实证结论, 强调对最佳设计的理解和引入情境因素的考察。本文最后将讨论多样性研究和群体断层理论未来的发展趋势, 并就多样性研究成果对管理实践的启示做出分析。     

当抗议遭遇挫折:集体行动失利情境下情绪反应对行动意愿的作用

在集体行动发展过程中,新的群际互动事件会对参与者心理及行为产生重要影响。本研究采取调查问卷与实验情境设计相结合的方法,考察了集体行动失利情境下参与者情绪体验对其未来行动意愿的影响,以及群体认同与群体效能对情绪的作用机制。研究结果显示:1)集体行动的消极结果会引发参与者愤怒与沮丧情绪体验,且愤怒情绪对其未来行动意愿有正向预测作用,沮丧情绪对其未来行动意愿有负向预测作用;2)群体认同与群体效能会影响群体成员因集体行动失利而产生的愤怒感与沮丧感,参与者对内群体的认同感越强,效能评估越高,在集体行动遭遇挫败时体验到的愤怒感就越强,体验到的沮丧感就越弱。本研究扩展了集体行动的情绪研究取向,并为探讨集体行动的动态演变提供了新的研究思路。     

个体采纳与群体采纳：决策过程中的两类建议采纳行为

决策者借助外界的建议通常能够获得更好的决策结果, 但是个体和群体对待建议的态度和行为却不尽相同。基于已有研究, 阐述了个体和群体在建议采纳过程中的特点并分析了造成二者差异的因素, 主要包括二者在面对决策任务和外界建议时的不同表现。此外, 根据群体动力理论, 未来研究可以从群体的动力源因素(凝聚力, 驱动力, 耗散力)来解释和预测群体的建议采纳及其与个体建议采纳的差异, 以期为不同决策情景下决策人员的合理安排和配置提供参考。     

群体身份变换性对老年人印象更新的影响：共同内群体认同的中介作用

群体印象更新对于促进群际和谐具有重要的现实意义。本研究采用最简群体再分类范式, 通过4个实验考察了群体身份变换性对老年人外显与内隐印象更新的影响以及共同内群体认同的中介作用。结果发现, 群体身份变换性不仅改变了对最简外群体的印象评价, 而且也提升了年轻人对自然外群体老年人的外显印象评价, 但内隐印象评价的改变不明显; 共同内群体认同在群体身份变换性影响老年人的外显印象更新中起完全中介作用。这些发现不仅从群体身份变换性的视角进一步丰富和拓展了印象更新领域, 而且为群际互动中的偏见消除提供了最简群体再分类新方法。     

国外青少年群体同一性研究

在对青少年同伴群体的研究过程中,发展心理学者借鉴了社会心理学中的社会同一性理论的有关内容,对同伴群体与个体行为之间的关系进行了初步探究,结果发现,青少年在同伴群体交往过程中获得的群体同一性影响个体的行为,并进一步探究了有关影响青少年群体同一性的因素。本文对目前国外的青少年群体同一性的研究进行了阐述,并指出了将来研究的方向。     

最简群体范式的操作、心理机制及新应用

最简群体范式作为研究群际关系的有效工具,受到社会心理学家广泛重视。除经典任务程序、随机分配程序外,新近发展出想象程序、记忆程序、自我卷入、计算机模拟群体互动模式等分类操作。最简群体范式具有随机性、完全匿名性和无关自我功利性等特点,可以从群体推断自我、自我推断群体及社会认同整合三个视角解释其心理机制。目前,最简群体范式在社会认知加工、社会心理偏好、社会互动行为及神经生理反应等领域开始广泛应用。     

群体元知觉的形成及其对群体间关系的影响

本文阐述了元知觉形成的一般模式,以及群体内元知觉和群体间元知觉的形成过程.群体间元知觉是影响群体间关系的重要因素,因此探索减少群体间元知觉负效应的策略具有重要的社会价值,有关此方面的研究正成为社会认知领域研究中的热点之一.     

Where Is Group Treatment Going in the 21st Century?

The author contends that group psychotherapy can be a dynamic force for social change. He shows how group psychotherapists have developed tools that reach far beyond the limits of that particular profession; they deal with the basic interaction among all peoples everywhere in all societies. These tools can be demonstrated, taught, and experienced. In as much as they can be learned, group therapists have to start teaching them to people at the earliest levels of cognitive development. That means that it has to start in our school systems as part of the educational process. A particular kind of specialist has to be trained who can function within the system itself and yet think psychodynamically. The author maintains that this can be accomplished.     

Studying the process of psychoanalytic parent–infant psychotherapy: Embodied and discursive aspects

This paper presents findings from an intensive, mixed methods case study of one session of psychoanalytic parent–infant psychotherapy (PPIP) addressing early relational trauma, and aims to shed light on the multimodal interactive processes that take place in the moment-to-moment exchanges comprising the therapeutic encounter. Different research methods were used on video material from PPIP sessions, including microanalysis of adult–infant interactions, discourse analysis of talk, and coding systems developed to study parent–infant interaction. These different perspectives were brought together with the clinical narrative to illuminate the complex, dynamic processes of parent–infant–therapist interaction. More specifically, the detailed analysis of one interactive episode revealed brief behavioral manifestations of fearful and disoriented states of mind, reflecting dysregulated interaction between mother and infant, which also powerfully affected the therapist. The processes through which the therapist gradually resolves this rupture are also described in detail. Through this pilot study, we were able to show that it is possible to systematically study the process of PPIP. The study contributes to the growing psychotherapy research literature that takes into account both the verbal domain and implicit, interactional processes in therapeutic practice, and underscores the therapist's comprehensive engagement in the therapeutic process.     

A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING THE REPRESENTATIONAL VALIDITY OF INTERACTION CODING SYSTEMS: DO WE SEE WHAT THEY SEE?

This paper offers a new methodological approach to establishing the validity of interaction coding schemes, and it reports research which applies these procedures to three coding systems that have been used to study small group decision making: Bales' (1950) Interaction Process Analysis System, Fisher's (1970) Decision Proposal Coding System, and Mabry's (1975) Pattern Variable Coding System. The procedures offered here provide a method for determining whether the functions or constructs identified by a coding system are part of the common meanings ascribed to the participants in the interaction. Of the three coding systems evaluated in the study, the IPA System represented subjects' interpretations of decision-making interaction better than the Decision Proposal System, which, in turn, performed better than the Pattern Variable System.     

团体成员共情的影响因素及作用模型——基于扎根理论

本研究旨在探索团体咨询成员共情的概念、影响因素及其作用。运用扎根理论对11名团体咨询成员的访谈资料分析,共形成11个轴心编码。根据编码间的关系得到如下结果：1. 团体成员共情包括共情理解、共情表达和共情感知;2. 团体成员共情理解的影响因素为相似性、观点采择;共情感知的影响因素为相似性和共情表达;3. 团体成员共情通过促进成员关系、认知领悟和情感支持提升团体效果。据此构建了团体成员共情的影响因素及作用模型。     

Microcosm–Macrocosm

Much has been learned in the 20th century about the impact of covert group dynamics on the individual, the family and small group on the micro level and about institutions, communities, national and international process on a macro level. However, as we enter the new millennium this knowledge seems dwarfed by the burgeoning of knowledge about the brain and biological approaches to disturbed human behavior, casting a worrisome shadow on the future of dynamic group therapies. This article explores the impact of socio-economic-political forces on mental health delivery systems from the vantage point of group process and therapy, and raises questions about possible interventions to restore a balance between social dynamics and biology.     

Group process in Jungian analytic training and institute life

Group process experience for analytic candidates is a neglected dimension of training, and receives little attention in the analytic literature. Jung observed group dynamics, but he never studied them closely, attending instead to the psychology of the individual. Unconscious currents in small groups have been studied by others, most notably by Wilfred Bion, and there are similarities between his theories of the group unconscious and Jung's theories of complexes. Experiential and didactic seminars in group process were added to the analytic curriculum at the C.G. Jung Institute of San Francisco in the early 1990s, leading to changes in the group dynamic of trainees and analysts alike. A discussion of the theories of Bion and Jung are followed by a report on our experiences of facilitating group process for analytic candidates. We give quotes from candidates and analyst members to illustrate the group process and its effects. The need for further study to develop a uniquely Jungian perspective on the unconscious structure and dynamics of the group is suggested.     

群体断层激活及负面效应涌现：熙宁变法缘何从志同道合走向四分五裂？

群体断层构念与决定组织变革成败的高管团队多重人际交互及其演进表征十分契合。但群体断层因为什么而激活?激活了的群体断层是如何影响高管团队的群体过程及组织绩效产出?这些问题亟需实证性的探索和检验。本研究基于《王安石年谱长编》,辅以《宋史》及后人相关专题研究,采用质性研究中的扎根理论方法,以王安石越次入对宋神宗到王安石第二次罢相为观察窗口期,对此期间与他存在密切交互关系的52个关键人物的交互过程、交互结果及成因进行了编码分析。结果发现：(1)群体断层激活及负面效应涌现能完美解释熙宁变法的演进过程及最终的失败;(2)关键岗位人员王安石人际交互风格的不同构面是激活熙宁变法中不同群体断层的主要变量;(3)王安石与直接上级宋神宗、本位群体变法新晋和他位群体同朝老臣之间交互的聚散性,决定了活化的群体断层效应正负及交互演进表征,进而决定了熙宁变法的失败。本研究为群体断层激活变量的识别及不同群体断层在同一时空下的叠加效应提供了新的洞见,同时为组织变革及高管团队多样性的管理提供了实证资鉴和理论指导。     

New Procedures for Analyzing Relational Communication

The purpose of this paper is to present a system for describing and indexing patterns of communication at the relational level, primarily in dyadic systems. Relational communication refers to the control aspects of message exchanges that define an interactor's relationships with others. The reciprocal definition of each individual's role at a given moment in the interaction is reflected in the relative control each individual has and/or is given by the other individual. The control-defining aspects of communication, rather than other information such communication may convey, is the focus of the coding system to be described. Further, the analysis deals with sequences of messages rather than individual messages, and attempts to index the control dimensions of those messages according to their similarity or difference. While previous interaction analysis techniques have been predominantly monadic in nature, i.e., single-message coding schemes, the present approach is based on a systems level of analysis. ¹ 1 See Rogers ( 9 ) for a detailed review and critique of existing interaction coding schemes.
     

Dynamische Komplexität in der Therapeut-Klient-Interaktion

The importance of client-therapist-relationship in psychotherapy has often been stressed. On the one hand, the quality of this relationship has proved to be an important predictor of therapy outcome, on the other hand the relationship itself is realized as a complex dynamic pattern of interpersonal interaction. It seems appropriate to investigate this dynamics by a microprocess analysis with high resolution. Interactive plans (idiographic self-presentation unities) of client and therapist were coded by a sampling frequency of 10 seconds. The coding system of plan activation follows the idea of synchronous musical score notation of different orchestra instruments. It allows for the representation of contextualized interactive behaviors. The context is introduced by the consideration of synchronous and diachronous plan-activation patterns of the interaction partners. The observed dynamic patterns are fulfilling the prerequisites of usual definitions of “chaos”: irregularity of the process, restricted prediction horizon, and still some global order of the dynamic process. Based on nominal data (on-off-patterns), a method for the identification of order within irregular patterns of plan activations is presented. The frequency distributions of plans realize the shape of 1/f^α-noise, indicating features of self-organized criticality within the dynamic system of client-therapist-interaction.