正确认识高血压患者应用阿司匹林的出血问题

高血压作为一种全球性的心脑血管疾病,会导致多器官损害,其患者发生心肌梗死、心绞痛、脑卒中等血栓栓塞性事件的几率远远高于血压正常者,因此防止心脑血管事件的发生是高血压治疗中的一个重要目标。多项大型临床研究证明,阿司匹林可以有效预防高血压患者心脑血管事件发生,同时也增加了出血的危险。本文将探讨如何正确认识高血压患者应用阿司匹林的出血问题,并如何将出血的危险降低到最小。     

阿司匹林在高血压治疗中的应用与意义

高血压,即使是经过了治疗,仍较正常人有较高的心血管并发症的发生。高血压有关的并发症对患者的生活质量及预后有较大的影响。其首要死亡原因是缺血性事件。阿司匹林是经过大量安慰剂对照、随机临床试验证实、可降低首次心肌梗死及缺血性脑卒中危险的抗血小板药物。近年来有关阿司匹林在防治缺血性心血管病方面的循证医学证据逐渐增多,国内及国际的心血管病防治指南均推荐应用阿司匹林。随着卒中预防领域内几项关键性的临床试验（ESPRIT、CHARISMA及WHS）的公布,美国心脏协会／美国卒中协会写作委员会对2006版指南的内容进行了更新。本文结合新的临床试验的证据,对阿司匹林在高血压治疗中的意义进行了分析,以期能更适当地应用阿司匹林,减少与高血压有关的缺血事件,提高人口的生存质量及寿命。     

阿司匹林在高血压治疗中的应用与意义

高血压,即使是经过了治疗,仍较正常人有较高的心血管并发症的发生。高血压有关的并发症对患者的生活质量及预后有较大的影响。其首要死亡原因是缺血性事件。阿司匹林是经过大量安慰剂对照、随机临床试验证实、可降低首次心肌梗死及缺血性脑卒中危险的抗血小板药物。近年来有关阿司匹林在防治缺血性心血管病方面的循证医学证据逐渐增多,国内及国际的心血管病防治指南均推荐应用阿司匹林。随着卒中预防领域内几项关键性的临床试验（ESPRIT、CHARISMA及WHS）的公布,美国心脏协会／美国卒中协会写作委员会对2006版指南的内容进行了更新。本文结合新的临床试验的证据,对阿司匹林在高血压治疗中的意义进行了分析,以期能更适当地应用阿司匹林,减少与高血压有关的缺血事件,提高人口的生存质量及寿命。     

血压变异性对高血压合并急性心肌梗死患者冠脉病变程度及近期预后的影响

探讨高血压合并急性心肌梗死患者的血压变异性对冠脉病变程度及近期预后的影响。选择2016年8月~2017年8月在郑州大学第一附属医院住院的高血压合并急性心肌梗死患者103例,基于患者冠脉造影结果进行Gensini评分,其中52例为轻度病变组(50分),51例为重度病变组(≥50分),比较两组各临床指标及血压变异性,比较两组入院30天内心血管不良事件(死亡、心力衰竭、心肌梗死后心绞痛、严重心律失常)的发生率,分析心血管不良事件的危险因素。重度病变组的全天收缩压变异性、全天舒张压变异性、白天收缩压变异性、白天舒张压变异性、夜间收缩压变异性、夜间舒张压变异性水平均高于轻度病变组,其中全天收缩压变异性、全天舒张压变异性、白天收缩压变异性差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。全天收缩压变异性、全天舒张压变异性、白天收缩压变异性升高导致心血管不良事件发生的风险增加(P0.05)。因此,在高血压合并急性心肌梗死患者中,血压变异性与冠脉病变程度相关,降压时兼顾降低血压变异性,可能有效减少心血管不良事件的发生。     

利伐沙班在冠心病治疗中的应用

抗血小板联合抗凝治疗可以降低冠心病二级预防治疗的残余心血管风险,利伐沙班是一种口服Xa因子直接抑制剂。ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 46研究、ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51研究提示ACS患者在常规抗血小板治疗基础上联合小剂量利伐沙班可以降低心血管事件风险,同时不增加致死性出血的风险。COMPASS研究提示稳定性冠心病患者应用利伐沙班2.5mg bid联合阿司匹林心源性死亡、卒中、心肌梗死发生率更低,但严重出血风险增加。房颤合并冠心病PCI术的患者应依据出血、缺血事件风险选择不同的抗栓策略。本文回顾了利伐沙班在冠心病治疗中的相关临床研究及指南推荐,为临床决策提供参考。     

阿司匹林抵抗及对策

阿司匹林广泛应用于心血管事件的预防,减少了心血管事件的发生。阿司匹林通过不可逆地和脂肪酸环氧化酶结合,抑制血小板聚集的激动剂血栓素A2的合成,发挥抗血小板聚集作用。但也有一些患者服用阿司匹林过程中有的血小板聚集能力和临床缺血事件不能被抑制。阿司匹林抵抗通常是指阿司匹林治疗未能引起预期的生物学效应抑制血栓素的生物合成或未能预防血栓事件的现象。导致这种现象的确切原因较复杂,包括不适当应用药物的相互作用,剂量不足,环氧化酶-1基因的多态性,及非血小板依赖血栓形成途径等有关。临床医生应该了解这些导致阿司匹林抵抗的因素,规范阿司匹林的应用剂量,适当地联合应用其他药物治疗。     

焦虑抑郁与高血压的研究进展

焦虑抑郁不仅是高血压的促发因素,也是影响高血压发生及预后的不良因素之一.抗焦虑抑郁治疗不仅可以有效消除高血压患者焦虑抑郁的情绪,还可以减少降压药的用药剂量,增强降压药的疗效,而且明显改善高血压患者的预后,降低心脑血管事件的发生率.现就有关焦虑抑郁和高血压的研究进展做一综述.     

延迟支架置入在高血栓负荷急性STEMI老年患者中的临床分析

探讨延迟支架置入在高血栓负荷急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)老年患者中的临床应用价值。选取笔者所在医院发病12h内的老年高血栓负荷STEMI患者81例,罪犯血管行血栓抽吸后前向血流达TIMI 2级~3级且血栓积分≤2分的患者随机分为常规治疗组(33例)和延迟治疗组(28例)。比较两组患者术后慢血流/无复流发生率、心肌灌注呈色分级、术后6月心功能及术后6月内复合终点事件发生率。延迟组支架置入后慢血流/无复流发生率显著低于常规治疗组(P0.05),心肌呈色分级、术后6个月LVEF改善幅度明显高于常规组(P0.05),左心室舒张末期内径明显低于常规组(P0.05),6个月内复合终点事件发生率延迟组高于常规组,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血栓抽吸后延迟支架置入可显著减少老年高血栓负荷急性STEMI患者慢血流/无复流发生率,提高心肌灌注,改善老年患者心功能。     

不同剂量阿托伐他汀预处理对PCI术后超敏C反应蛋白及预后影响

观察急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术前不同剂量阿托伐他汀预处理后炎症因子超敏C反应蛋白及预后影响。选取我院2011年2月~2013年10月110例急性心肌梗死需行初次PCI患者,随机分成大剂量阿托伐他汀组(80mg/d,n=36例)及小剂量阿托伐他汀组(20mg/d,n=36例),无阿托伐他汀处理组(n=38例),在常规治疗基础上,术后所有患者均口服阿托伐他汀20mg/d。留取术前及术后第1、第3天的血标本,检测血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,随访记录1个月后心血管事件及药物不良反应。各组患者PCI术前TC、TG、LDL-C及hs-CRP无明显差异(P0.05);术后第3天各组血脂较术前明显下降,且大剂量组显著低于其他两组(P0.05),小剂量组与术前无阿托伐他汀处理组无显著差异(P0.05);术后第1天各组患者hs-CRP较术前显著升高,术后第3天较术后第1天显著下降,大剂量组下降更为显著,且显著低于其他两组(P0.05),小剂量组与术前无阿托伐他汀处理组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各组患者1个月后心血管事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),且均无明显不良反应。急性心肌梗死患者PCI术前服用大剂量的阿托伐他汀相对安全有效,不仅降低血脂,且显著下调术后炎症因子的升高,减轻微血管损伤。     

围手术期负荷剂量他汀对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者预后的影响

为了探讨围手术期给予阿托伐他汀负荷剂量对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后对心血管事件的影响。选取因STEMI行急诊PCI术患者160例,其中80例于PCI术前给予阿托伐他汀负荷剂量40mg,80例术前未给予阿托伐他汀负荷剂量进行研究。分析两组患者住院期间肌酸激酶同工酶与超敏C反应蛋白值,PCI术后与术后1个月心功能情况。结果显示围手术期阿托伐他汀负荷剂量组主要心血管事件发生率优于非阿托伐他汀组（P〈0．05）。因此,围手术期给予负荷剂量的阿托伐他汀可以降低住院期间不良心血管事件的发生率,改善患者预后。     

Predictors of myocardial infarction over a span of 30 years in Roseto, Pennsylvania.

Predictors of myocardial infarction with or without survival were sought in a 30-year study of Roseto, Pennsylvania, a nearly exclusively Italian community of approximately 1,600, compared to the immediately adjacent town of Bangor with a population of approximately 5,000. At the start of the study the death rate from myocardial infarction among men in Roseto was less than half that in Bangor despite an equal prevalence of the usual risk factors, mainly smoking and diet. The communities were followed prospectively for 30 years during a striking social change in Roseto toward less family and community cohesion and more commitment to individual goals and adherence to materialistic values. During this period the prevalence of and mortality from myocardial infarction increased sharply to equal the situation in Bangor. The predictive values of measurements made of Rosetans during individual examinations in 1962-63 were tested against the outcome in 1990. Those who experienced fatal myocardial infarction and those who had a well documented infarction and survived were matched with and compared to controls. Although subjects with cholesterol concentration above 200 were twice as likely to experience myocardial infarction as those with concentrations below 200, less than 20% of those whose cholesterol concentration was above 200 experienced any evidence of myocardial infarction over the nearly 30-year period. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the coronary patients, with or without survival, and their sex, age, and cholesterol matched controls; nor were smoking, evidence of hypertension, diabetes, or obesity predictive of significant differences between the two groups. These data lead to the inference that while those with the conventional risk factors are more likely to develop myocardial infarction than are those without the risk factors, an even larger proportion of the population may have the risk factors and not succumb to myocardial infarction over a period of nearly three decades.     

Retraction Note: Globalization and vulnerable populations in times of a pandemic: A Mayan perspective

Understanding representations of disease in various art genres provides insights into how patients and health care providers view the diseases. It can also be used to enhance patient care and stimulate patient self-management. This paper reviews how cardiovascular diseases are represented in novels, films, and paintings: myocardial infarction, aneurysm, hypertension, stroke, heart transplantation, Marfan’s disease, congestive heart failure. Various search systems and definitions were used to help identify sources of representations of different cardiovascular diseases. The representations of the different diseases were considered separately. The Common Sense Model was used a theoretical model to outline illness perceptions and self-management in the various identified novels, films, and paintings. Myocardial infarction followed by stroke were the most frequently detailed diseases in all three art genres. This reflects their higher prevalence. Representations ranged from biomedical details through to social and psychological consequences of the diseases. Artistic representations of cardiovascular diseases reflect cognitions, emotions, and images of prevalent disease. These representations shape views and behaviour of ill and healthy persons regarding heart diseases. As these representations are amenable to change, they deserve further research, which may be instrumental in improving the quality of life of persons struck by cardiovascular diseases. Changing illness perceptions appears to be a method to improve self-management and thereby quality of life in patients with various cardiovascular diseases.     

论脑卒中患者的个体化降压治疗

脑卒中在全球范围发病率高,具有较高的死亡率和致残率,严重威胁着人类的健康.高血压是脑卒中的首要危险因素,运用哲学的观点认识脑卒中患者个体化降压治疗的原则,从而为卒中患者的临床治疗提供了重要的理论依据.     

Age-related changes in aphasia type and stroke location

Two-hundred consecutive CT scans of patients with an infarction in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were examined for evaluation of a possible relationship between age and stroke location. Two distinct procedures, one evaluating the incidence of four areas within the MCA territory and the other measuring some quantified parameters, were used. Statistical studies failed to show any significant correlation between these parameters and the age of patients. These results lead to refute previous claims that semiological changes in aphasia type with age in stroke patients may be due to a posterior shift of cerebral infarcts with age.     

Predictors of myocardial infarction over a span of 30 years in Roseto,Pennsylvania

Predictors of myocardial infarction with or without survival were sought in a 30-year study of Roseto, Pennsylvania, a nearly exclusively Italian community of approximately 1,600, compared to the immediately adjacent town of Bangor with a population of approximately 5,000. At the start of the study the death rate from myocardial infarction among men in Roseto was less than half that in Bangor despite an equal prevalence of the usual risk factors, mainly smoking and diet. The communities were followed prospectively for 30 years during a striking social change in Roseto toward less family and community cohesion and more commitment to individual goals and adherence to materialistic values. During this period the prevalence of and mortality from myocardial infarction increased sharply to equal the situation in Bangor. The predictive values of measurements made of Rosetans during individual examinations in 1962–63 were tested against the outcome in 1990. Those who experienced fatal myocardial infarction and those who had a well documented infarction and survived were matched with and compared to controls. Although subjects with cholesterol concentration above 200 were twice as likely to experience myocardial infarction as those with concentrations below 200, less than 20% of those whose cholesterol concentration was above 200 experienced any evidence of myocardial infarction over the nearly 30-year period. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the coronary patients, with or without survival, and their sex, age, and cholesterol matched controls; nor were smoking, evidence of hypertension, diabetes, or obesity predictive of significant differences between the two groups. These data lead to the inference that while those with the conventional risk factors are more likely to develop myocardial infarction than are those without the risk factors, an even larger proportion of the population may have the risk factors and not succumb to myocardial infarction over a period of nearly three decades. This article was adapted from parts of a forthcoming book,The Power of Clan: The Effect of Human Relationship on Coronary Heart Disease, by Stewart Wolf and John G. Bruhn in collaboration with Brenda P. Egolf, Judith Lasker and Billy U. Philips, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1992.     

阿司匹林在缺血性脑卒中二级预防应用的现况调查

调查缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防中阿司匹林的使用情况,并初步分析其影响因素。本研究为现况调查,调查对象为神经内科门诊与病房就诊既往诊断明确的脑梗死或短暂性脑缺血发作患者,调查其近两周内的阿司匹林使用情况及相关影响因素。经过调查初步得出缺血性脑卒中幸存者应该给予抗血小板药物,除非预计患者不久将死亡或有严重的禁忌证,阿斯匹林应用比例少,剂量不足,应引起患者及医务人员的重视,临床医师应遵循临床指南给与正确的指导。     

The Effect of Non-Stroke Cardiovascular Disease States on Risk for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review

Cardiovascular disease is associated with increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia, but it is unclear whether this risk varies across disease states or occurs in the absence of symptomatic stroke. To examine the evidence of increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia following non-stroke cardiovascular disease we conducted two independent meta-analyses in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The first review examined cardiovascular diagnoses (atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, periphery artery disease and myocardial infarction) while the second review assessed the impact of atherosclerotic burden (as indicated by degree of stenosis, calcification score, plaque morphology or number of plaques). Studies eligible for review longitudinally assessed risk for clinically significant cognitive decline and/or dementia and excluded stroke and cognitive impairment at baseline. Summary statistics were computed via the inverse variance weighted method, utilising Cox Proportional Hazards data (Hazard Ratios, HR). Both atrial fibrillation (n = 5, HR = 1.26, 95% CI [1.12, 1.43]) and severe atherosclerosis (n = 4, HR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.12, 2.26]) emerged as significant risk factors for cognitive decline and/or dementia. A small set of studies reviewed, insufficient for meta-analysis, examining congestive heart failure, peripheral artery disease and myocardial infarction suggested that these conditions may also be associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline/dementia. In the absence of stroke, patients with atrial fibrillation or generalised atherosclerosis are at heightened risk for cognitive deterioration. Nonetheless, this paper highlights the need for methodologically rigorous and prospective investigation of the relationship between CVD and dementia.