A comparison of three personality disorder assessment approaches

Three approaches to the assessment of DSM-III personality disorders are compared by examining the manner in which interrelationships between disorders are portrayed by the different techniques. Although a fair degree of convergence was noted among the three techniques, several differences were also observed. These comparisons, particularly the noted contrasts, have implications for future researchers using these techniques.     

“大五”人格剖面：以个体为中心的研究路径

“大五”人格剖面是“大五”人格特质在个体上的高低组合, 充分考虑了人格特质之间的交互作用, 能够反映不同子群体在“大五”人格特质上的数量与质量差异, 是解释以往以变量为中心矛盾性结论的重要途径, 也更契合组织管理实践需要, 对实践有更强的指导意义。“大五”人格剖面数量受到研究情境、样本特征、研究方法等因素的影响, 基于自我适应-自我管理模型可以获取4剖面模型, 且常见的剖面包括灵活适应剖面、普通剖面与执拗剖面。“大五”人格剖面在研究中更多地扮演自变量角色, 探讨其在关键结果变量上是否存在差异。未来可以关注强化“大五”人格剖面研究的理论基础; 加强重复性研究, 识别普适性“大五”人格剖面; 识别“大五”人格剖面的影响因素; 纳入更多人格变量, 更完整刻画人格剖面。     

时间磨砺人格美——评《时间与人格心理学探索》

时间和人格都是心理学领域极为重要的研究内容。时间无处不在,它不仅是基本心理过程的存在方式,而且也是人格特征的存在方式。时间与人格心理的研究是现代心理学研究的重要领域之一。《时间与人格心理学探索》一书,向我们详尽地展现了时间和人格心理学的研究成果。综观全书,主要凸显四个方面特点:一、研究取向上强调中国化;二、研究过程上体现长期性;三、研究方法上注重多样性;四、研究成果上凸显创新性。     

What coping tells about personality

In this study, 123 participants (non‐psychology students) who responded to an interpersonal stress situation staged in the laboratory were judged by unacquainted observers in terms of the Big Five dimensions, intelligence and social attractiveness. Coping behaviour appeared to predict personality impressions in a way that mirrors the relations between personality and coping observed in previous research: Overall, higher levels of Extraversion (E), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C) and Openness to experience (O) (as well as intelligence and social attractiveness) were predicted by problem‐focussed behaviour and cognitive restructuring, whereas higher levels of Neuroticism (N) were predicted by withdrawal/passivity. The interpersonal impact of the particular coping reactions, as indicated by a positive personality impression, were largely inconsistent with their impact on affect following the stress induction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is personality disorder inherited? An overview of the evidence

Genetic factors appear to be of considerable importance in determining normal variation in personality. This is suggested by family, twin, and adoption studies as well as by indirect findings based on animal and psychophysiological studies. In contrast, there is consistent evidence that the contribution of shared family environment is minimal. Despite difficulties in defining personality disorder, it appears that many types of personality disorder, in particular schizotypal personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder/criminality, are also influenced genetically. The genetic transmission of normal personality traits and disorder is most easily explained by the contribution of multiple genes of small effect rather than by single-gene inheritance. Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the localization of genes of minor effect for some traits. This raises the possibility of detecting a molecular basis of traits and disorders such as personality and personality disorder.Anita Thapar is supported by a Research Training Fellowship from the Medical Research Council.     

国外品牌人格研究述评

品牌人格是指消费者所感知的品牌所体现出来的一套人格特征。根据国外文献中存在的品牌人格相关研究这条线索,介绍了品牌形象论及品牌形象维度论两个派系关于品牌人格的定义,基于人格类型论和人格特质论两个理论源泉回顾了品牌人格的维度构成,并分别从消费者视角及企业视角归纳分析了品牌人格的影响作用,最后从研究内容、研究方法及理论借鉴三个方面探讨了现有研究的不足,并展望了品牌人格的研究趋势。     

中学生人格特点和发展现状的研究

本研究以《中学生个性测验》为研究工具,以广东省五所不同类型中学的2816名初高中学生为被试,考察了中学生人格发展的状况和特点。研究发现：中学生人格发展状况不甚乐观,检出率较高;中学生人格发展状况在男女生之间、初高中之间和各类型学校之间都存在明显的差异;建议要有针对性的加强中学生的健康人格教育。     

创造力与人格关系的研究评述

创造力与人格是心理学领域内的两个重要概念,它们之间的关系也是心理学研究中备受关注的问题。该研究采用文献分析法对加利福尼亚心理量表、人格三因素模型、五因素模型、多种人格测验及其与创造力的关系进行了回顾。已有的研究的确已经取得了很大进展,但研究内容还有待丰富、研究方法还有待完善、研究对象还有待拓展,这也预示着未来研究的发展方向     

My Grandmother's Personality: A Posthumous Evaluation

The author's grandmother's personality is investigated posthumously through the use of a significant-other form of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory (CATI) designed for the assessment of personality disorders. The CATI was given to the three surviving children (ages 80, 78, and 76). The oldest child had the highest mean correlation across 13 personality disorders with both of her sisters (r = .67) and the youngest child had the lowest (r = .47). The three highest mean T scores across all three raters were Sadistic (71), Self-defeating (68), and Borderline (67). The parameters of accuracy for significant-other ratings are discussed.     

中国古代传统的五因素人格理论

全文主要讨论四个问题：（1）简介中外的两种人格理论及其启示;（2）我国传统五因素人格理论的形成;（3）对传统人格五因素的分析;（4）探讨传统五因素人格理论的意义。     

克恩伯格边缘性人格组织理论述评

边缘性人格组织是人格障碍的内在结构。克恩伯格主要从非特异性自我虚弱性、现实检验、原始防御机制、病理性的内在客体关系以及身份认同紊乱五个方面阐述了边缘性人格组织理论。该理论弥补了DSM-Ⅳ中人格障碍诊断标准的无理论化倾向的缺陷,并为深入理解人格障碍的心理病理学提供了一个系统框架。     

Self-esteem in patients with borderline and avoidant personality disorders

This study compared self-esteem in patients with avoidant personality disorder (APD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Patients diagnosed with one or more personality disorders answered the questionnaire Index of Self Esteem as part of a comprehensive evaluation within the setting of a treatment trial. Our hypotheses were that (1) both patients with APD and patients with BPD would report low levels of self-esteem, (2) patients with APD would report lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. We further expected that (3) patients with higher levels of depression would report lower levels of self-esteem, but that (4) both borderline and avoidant personality pathology would contribute to explained variance in self-esteem beyond what would be accounted for by depression. All of our hypotheses were supported. The results from our study showed a significant difference in self-esteem level between the two personality disorders, patients with APD reporting lower self-esteem than patients with BPD. Subjects with both disorders were measured to have self-esteem levels within the range that presumes clinical problems. Self-esteem represents an important quality of subjective experience of the self, and the study of self-esteem in PDs can offer new and important knowledge of PDs as self-pathology.     

周易人格模型与麦氏人格模型的比较

该文介绍了基于中国传统文化建立起来的本土化人格类型理论———周易人格模型;分析了该模型与麦氏人格模型在理论建构的指导思想、人格要素、人格类型的测定方法以及人格模型的演变规则等方面的区别和联系;指出了两者在方法上同源同根,在内容上各有特色。     

人格与病理性赌博研究述评

人格障碍是病理性赌博的定论之一。与病理性赌博有关的人格特质包括神经质、精神质、感觉寻求特质、专注特质等,这在跨文化的研究中都找到了证据。现有的研究结论存在疑问,未来研究需注意被试取样代表性,人格特质与赌博行为之间的关系有待于进一步研究,本土化研究需要加强     

心理词汇法在品牌人格研究中的应用

心理词汇法源于早期对特质词的研究,它以人们对特定事物进行评价所用的词汇为研究对象,能够概括出看似纷乱复杂的心理词汇的内在规律。在品牌人格研究中,其应用范围主要集中在品牌人格维度的提取和品牌特质的研究两个方面。心理词汇法已经不仅仅局限于对词汇进行整理分析,许多相关学科的研究方法,如反应时方法,内隐态度的测量等都被吸收和利用进来;同时,心理词汇法也被应用到品牌人格的其他相关方面,如品牌延伸,品牌定位等     

当前人格心理学研究中存在的问题与对策

人格心理学立足于整体性与差异性以揭示个体行为规律与内部作用机制,是心理学中极富特色的研究领域,并彰显出旺盛的发展势头。但由于人格现象本身的宽泛性与复杂性,当前该领域存在诸多纷争与问题。该文从四个方面剖析了人格心理学面临的主要问题,并提出相应的发展建议与对策。     

New Directions in the Conceptualization and Assessment of Personality—A Dynamic Systems Approach

In this paper, we demonstrate how an integrative approach to personality—one that combines within-person and between-person differences—can be achieved by drawing on the principles of dynamic systems theory. The dynamic systems perspective has the potential to reconcile both the stable and dynamic aspect of personality, it allows including different levels of analysis (i.e. traits and states), and it can account for regulatory mechanisms, as well as dynamic interactions between the elements of the system, and changes over time. While all of these features are obviously appealing, implementing a dynamic systems approach to personality is challenging. It requires new conceptual models, specific longitudinal research designs, and complex data analytical methods. In response to these issues, the first part of our paper discusses the Personality Dynamics model, a model that integrates the dynamic systems principles in a relatively straightforward way. Second, we review associated methodological and statistical tools that allow empirically testing the PersDyn model. Finally, the model and associated methodological and statistical tools are illustrated using an experience sampling methodology data set measuring Big Five personality states in 59 participants (N = 1916 repeated measurements). © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology     

对边缘性人格障碍亚型的研究

边缘性人格障碍是一种最常见的人格障碍。描述性精神病学、心理测验和精神分析的研究发现,边缘性人格障碍可能是由若干个异质性的亚群体组成,不同的亚群在症状表现、病因、心理病理机制、对治疗干预的反应和预后等方面可能都存在着很大的差异,可以根据不同的维度将其进行亚型分类,而使同一个亚群中的个体差异小于不同亚群之间的个体差异。     

Age Differences Across Adulthood in Interpretations of Situations and Situation–Behaviour Contingencies for Big Five States

In the last two decades, a burgeoning literature has begun to clarify the processes underlying personality traits and momentary trait‐relevant behaviour. However, such work has almost exclusively investigated these questions in young adults. During the same period, much has been learned about adult personality trait development but with scant attention to the momentary processes that contribute to development. The current work connects these two topics, testing developmental questions about adult age differences and thus examining how age matters to personality processes. The study examines how four important situation characteristics are experienced in everyday life and how situations covary with Big Five trait‐relevant behaviour (i.e. situation–behaviour contingencies). Two samples were collected (total N = 316), each assessing three age groups: young, middle‐aged, and older adults. Using experience sampling method, participants completed reports four or five times per day across a representative period of daily life. Results suggested age differences in how situations are experienced on average, in the variability around these average situation experiences, and in situation–behaviour contingencies. The results therefore highlight that, across adulthood, age groups experience chronically different situations, differ in how much the situations they experience vary moment to moment, and differ in how much situation experience predicts their enactment of traits. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology