论张载气学的特点及其人文关怀

张载认为,太虚至善,太虚是"至虚之实",太虚之"实",本质上是气。"神"是太虚内在的条理、规律。太虚本体是气与神的合一。阴阳之气创造了物质世界,太虚则论证阴阳之气创造物质世界何以可能。太虚也是一德性本体、价值本体。张载论证太虚至善,指向两大现实人文关怀:首先,由太虚至善推导出"天地之性"存在正当性。孟子思想对张载人性论有所影响,张载"君子有弗性",源自孟子的"君子所性"。其次,仁是"事"之本体,人世间的制度与伦理,都必须以仁为体,才能获得存在的正当性。仁实际上成为人类文化与制度文明背后隐伏的道德基础、价值依托和人文精神。仁义精神的张扬,实质上是人作为主体性存在的挺立。本体主体化,儒家为天下立法,是张载德性本体论的内在旨趣与"本来面目"。     

张载两层结构的宇宙论哲学探微

在宋明理学研究中,张载(字子厚,学者称横渠先生,1020～1077年)关学的难度最大①,而其宇宙论哲学的难度尤大,产生的歧义令人相当困扰.我们可以把张载宇宙论哲学存在的问题聚焦为:张载所谓"太虚"概念的涵义、意义和实质是什么?如何从"太虚"与"气"的地位、状态和作用等方面说明二者之间的关系?"太虚"与"气"是同质的还是异质的?这些问题,关系到对张载宇宙论哲学特质乃至其哲学基本性质的理解.作为解决这些跨世纪难题的尝试,本文拟分以下三部分进行探讨:搭建两层结构的宇宙论哲学诠释框架,"太虚无形,气之本体"的宇宙本体论,"太虚即气"的宇宙生成论.文中不当和不足之处,尚祈学界同仁批评指正.     

太虚如何承载价值——张载“太虚”概念新探

"太虚"在张载哲学中具有"空间"的含义,是气运行变化的场所,这一场所本身又是由气构成;太虚之气是整体连续性存在;太虚之气的存在状态、运行变化本身就体现着价值。     

“太虚无形”与“太虚即气”的语言分析

本文从句法、语境、语义三个层面,分析张载《正蒙》中的几处关键篇章。通过句法分析澄清“太虚无形”不是主谓结构,而是并列结构;“太虚”是没有形状之意;“本体”即“本来而恒常”之意。通过语境分析指出“太虚即气”之“即”是“是”之义,“太虚”指的是作为气的存在形式的空间、天;“太虚即气”字面涵义似乎要说明太虚与气的关系,但真实的哲学含义是太虚非无、世界为有。通过语义分析可以看到,我们无法独立于“物”的概念来理解太虚与气的关系;太虚与物指向的是无形之气与有形之气的关系,太虚与物均统一于气;整个世界是实有之气在有形与无形之间的转换过程。     

张载太虚三解

太虚是张载哲学中的一个基本概念。在理学的发展中 ,它一共经历了三次大的诠释 ,从而也就形成了“形上道体”、“空间”与“气”三种不同的涵义。这三种不同涵义虽由对张载太虚的诠释而形成 ,但其所表现的却首先是诠释者的不同视角 ,是理学由理本论向心本论和气本论的递进与过渡。所以 ,太虚涵义的三解 ,正是理学的发展及其探索重心不断嬗递的产物和表现。     

张载哲学逻辑范畴体系论

张载构成哲学逻辑范畴体系的基本原则和总体结构,首先,是以“气之本体”的“太虚”为其哲学的开端,“太虚”既是最一般、最抽象的规定,又蕴涵着最具体、最现实的发展。其次,将“太虚之气”以后的范畴,按照从“气本”到“气化”、从“天道”到“人道”、从客观到主观的原则,进行排列。这一安排,实际形成了三个层次:“太虚”与“天”,属“气本”范畴,是作为宇     

李复与张载思想辨异——兼对李复为“关学正传”说的质疑

李复的"太极元气"说与张载之"太虚即气"的理论有异。他并没有继承张载基于体用"二而不二"的方法建构自己的本体论,而流入汉儒的元气说。在修养工夫论上,李复所倡导的"虚一而静"与"顿悟"的思想并没有将张载重视"以礼为教"与"渐修"的工夫特色得以发扬;在政治理念上,他所推崇的"观时之宜"的原则与张载"为政法乎三代"的政治理念亦有较大差异,进而在一些重大社会问题上凸显出与师说相异的看法。张载逝后,李复虽一度坚守关中讲学,然其影响亦非常有限,且并非为唯一未转依洛学者,故将其定位为"关学正传"是不合适的。     

张载思想的“象”概念探析

"象"是张载哲学体系中重要的概念,有物象和心象两层涵义。物象表示"气"的形下的显现形式,为感官对象,不仅包括有形,还包括无形之象。心象表示"气"在意识中的显现形式,为思维对象,包括意识内容中的虚、理等形上概念。物象与心象作为同一物"气"的两种不同显现方式,都是"气"之"象",从而统一了形下与形上,是理解张载"气"论哲学体系的关键枢纽,具有深刻的理论意义。     

论程颐“冲漠无朕”句中的“理气”、“虚气”两种面向

程颐"冲漠无朕"一段话出自《入关语录》,可以视为程颐对张载虚气关系所作的批评。通过对"太虚"与"冲漠"的关联、太虚与气的聚散感应关系,以及程颐对太虚的立场进行考察和分析,可知程颐是以上下一贯的"理气"结构批评在他看来只属于形而下的"涂辙"的"虚气"结构,由此可见二者本体论上的分歧。     

张景岳医哲思想的理学渊源

宋明时期是医学基础理论哲学化的重要时期,张景岳的思想受理学影响颇深,是这一时期儒医的典型代表。张景岳运用理学思想重新诠释《黄帝内经》,融合与吸收了周敦颐的太极说、张载的太虚即气论及天人一体论和朱熹等理学家的思想,形成和发展了气一元论、阳不足论和水火命门说等思想体系,使中医理论体系更加完备。     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

"全球伦理"与"文明的冲突"

自美国9.11恐怖袭击事件后,塞缪尔.亨廷顿关于“文明冲突”的理论引起人们高度兴趣。以宗教为核心的文明之间的冲突真的难以化解吗?汉斯.昆的“全球伦理”观点对此提出挑战。本文将浅析一下“全球伦理”,及其化解“文明冲突”的可能性。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so"

Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of "because" and "so" was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquisition of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.     

Comparison of two theories of "ratio" and "difference" judgments

This article examines the hypothesis that judges compare stimuli by ratio and subtractive operations when instructed to judge" "ratios" and "differences." Rule and Curtis hold that magnitude estimations are a power function of subjective values, with an exponent between 1.1 and 2.1. Accordingly, the two-operation model tested assumes magnitude estimations of "ratios" are a comparable power function of subjective ratios. In contrast, Birnbaum and Veit theorize that judges compare two stimuli by subraction for both "ratio" and "difference" instructions and that magnitude estimations of "ratios" are approximately an exponential function of subjective differences. Three tests were used to compare the theory of one operation with the two-operation theory for the data of nine experiments. The results strongly favor the theory that observers use the same operation for both instructions.