关于学业不良学生考试焦虑及考试焦虑形成机制的研究

本研究以小学四年级学生80名、初中一年级学生157名、高中一年级学生89名,共326名学生为被试,采用实验法和测验法研究了学业不良学生的考试焦虑状况和考试焦虑形成的心理机制。研究结果表明：各学习年限段学业不良者的考试焦虑水平普遍高于学业优秀者,尤其初中学业不良者与学业优秀者之间差异极显著;来自智力与学科学习活动挫折可以导致学生焦虑水平提高。     

关于学生自我妨碍策略与学业不良的相关研究

本研究通过问卷法对240名小学高年级、初中、高中生进行了自我妨碍策略与学业不良的相关研究,其研究结果表明:小学高年级学生、初中生学业优秀者与学业不良者采用自我妨碍策略存在显著差异;高中生学业优秀者与学业不良者采用自我妨碍策略不存在显著差异;学业不良与自我妨碍预测因素即自我效能感、智力责任归因、自尊、抑郁存在相关,与惧怕否定没有显著相关等。     

关于假设-验证和范畴化认知方式与学业不良的相关研究

该研究采用自行设计的能力问卷量表,结合教师问卷、个案访谈和调查等方法对80名小学四年级学生、94名初中一年级学生、85名高中一年级学生,共259名被试进行了假设一验证和范畴化认知方式与学业不良关系的研究。结果表明：各学习年限段学业不良学生在这两方面的得分均低于学业优秀者,且差异显著;各学习年限段学业不良学生间在这两方面的得分差异显著,呈随年龄增长而增长的趋势。     

目标显著性和任务重要性对数学学业不良生和学优生前瞻记忆和前瞻干扰效应的影响

有问卷调查表明,个体的学业成绩特别是数学成绩与前瞻记忆表现有一定的相关,学业不良生报告更多的前瞻记忆失败。也有实验研究显示,学业不良生在很多情况下前瞻记忆表现劣于学优生。但是,影响学业不良生前瞻记忆表现的因素却并不是很明确。本研究从目标显著性和任务重要性这两个可以着手于改善前瞻记忆的主要因素入手,考察其对数学学业不良生和学优生事件性前瞻记忆和前瞻干扰效应的影响,以期为提高学业不良生的前瞻记忆表现提供实证依据。 采用2学业成就（学业不良生、学优生）×2前瞻记忆任务重要性（强调重要、不强调）×2目标显著性（显著、不显著）混合实验设计,目标显著性为被试内变量,其他两个因素为被试间变量,在双任务实验范式（前瞻记忆任务镶嵌于进行中任务）中,考察三个因素对前瞻记忆正确率和反应时的影响。此外,被试还需完成基线条件,在基线条件下被试只有进行中任务,没有前瞻记忆任务,通过实验条件和基线条件的正确率和反应时差异,考察前瞻记忆任务对进行中任务的干扰效应,推测前瞻记忆的加工机制。结果表明,学业不良生在所有前瞻记忆任务表现均劣于学优生;目标显著性与前瞻记忆任务重要性对前瞻记忆正确率有显著的交互作用,强调任务重要性使目标不显著条件下的前瞻记忆正确率提高,对显著条件的前瞻记忆正确率没有影响。强调任务重要性使所有实验条件的前瞻记忆反应时下降,目标显著使所有实验条件的前瞻记忆正确率提高。所有实验条件进行中任务正确率低于基线条件,反应时也慢于基线条件,表明执行前瞻记忆任务对进行中任务产生了干扰,学业不良生和学优生在本实验条件下对前瞻记忆任务均采用监控的加工方式。结果说明,学业不良生前瞻记忆成绩较差,可以通过设置显著的目标提高其前瞻记忆成绩,当目标显著时无需强调其重要性,若无法设置显著的目标,则通过强调任务重要性提高前瞻记忆表现。     

学业成就中等生和优良生的成就目标、自我监控与学业成绩关系的比较研究

采用量表法对学业成就中等生的研究发现：与学业优良生相比,学业成就中等生的自我监控水平显著低下;成就目标与学业成绩并无直接关系,但学习目标会通过自我监控间接影响学业成绩;在学业成就中等生中,高学习目标、低成绩目标者表现出更高的自我监控水平。     

父母学习陪伴与小学生学业不良的关系:亲子学业沟通的中介作用和学习负担的调节作用

采用父母学习陪伴问卷、亲子学业沟通问卷、学习负担量表和学业成绩自我评定量表对578名4-6年级小学生及家长进行调查,探讨父母学习陪伴与小学生学业不良的关系以及亲子学业沟通四个维度（成绩沟通、习惯沟通、态度沟通和方法沟通）的中介作用和学习负担的调节作用。结果发现：（1）父母学习陪伴对学业不良具有显著的负向预测作用;（2）亲子学业态度沟通和方法沟通在父母学习陪伴与学业不良的关系中起完全中介作用;（3）学习负担在亲子学业态度沟通与学业不良之间的调节作用显著。在低学习负担条件下,亲子学业态度沟通对学业不良的改善作用更为明显。本研究结果表明,提高父母学习陪伴的时间和陪伴质量、改善亲子学业沟通方式并适当降低学习负担,可能改善小学生的学业不良。     

关于初中学业不良者学业求助特征及相关研究

本研究通过问卷与学业测验方法对165名初中生进行了学业不良者学业求助特征及相关研究,其研究结果表明:初中学业不良者在学业求助对象选择上倾向于向同学求助;在求助态度衡量上,他们对求助益处的考虑较少;更能知觉到来自同学的自尊威胁;在求助方式的选择上更倾向于执行性求助。成绩-回避目标、低下的自尊与自我效能感等是学业不良者学业求助特征的影响因素。     

高中生物理和化学学科中同伴学业支持与学业情绪的关系:学习效能感的中介作用和性别的调节作用

研究发现学习效能感会受到同伴支持的影响,同时它又是影响学生学业状况的重要前因变量。根据控制价值理论,本研究通过对3329名高一和高二学生的调查,考察在物理和化学学科中,学习效能感是否会在同伴学业支持和学业情绪中起到中介作用。发现：(1)同伴学业支持和学习效能感呈显著正相关;两者与高兴学业情绪显著正相关,与厌倦学业情绪显著负相关;(2)在控制了年龄、年级、性别和地域后,学习效能感在同伴学业支持和高兴学业情绪中起部分中介作用,在同伴学业支持和厌倦学业情绪中起完全中介作用;(3)在物理学科中,性别调节了学习效能感和学业情绪的关系。本研究验证并拓展了控制价值理论,对于如何提高中学生物理和化学学习的积极情绪有借鉴意义。     

认知负荷与编码方式影响小学数学学业不良生的前瞻记忆及其成分

通过两个实验探讨认知负荷对小学数学学业不良生前瞻记忆及其成分的影响, 以及是否可以通过执行意向编码提高其前瞻记忆及其成分的成绩。实验1结果显示数学学业不良生前瞻记忆、前瞻成分及回溯成分正确率显著低于数学学优生, 高认知负荷条件前瞻记忆、前瞻成分及回溯成分的正确率显著低于低认知负荷条件; 实验2结果显示执行意向编码条件下, 数学学业不良生前瞻记忆成绩显著好于标准编码条件, 前瞻成分和回溯成分的正确率高于标准编码条件。结果表明数学学业不良生前瞻记忆及其成分表现差于数学学优生; 无论认知负荷高低, 执行意向编码均可通过提升前瞻成分和回溯成分改善数学学业不良生前瞻记忆表现。     

学业不良学生元认知特点研究

１前言本研究以中学学业不良学生为研究对象。学业不良与西方常用的学习困难（Ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ）的涵义有所不同,学习困难学生在发达国家属于特殊教育对象,其界定排除了由情绪、动机、文化环境等各种因素所导致的学业落后。而学业不良学生目前更多的是以学习成绩为鉴别标准,它包括了各种不同原因,因而外延要比前者大。在被试界定方面以往的研究大多采用相对评价与绝对评价两种方式,从这些确定方法看具有一定的合理性也较为简单易行,但也应该看到,学生某一次考试成绩的高低有一定偶然性,同时各校间教学水平、考…     

Proactive and retroactive effects of negative suggestion

The negative effects of false information presented either prior to (proactive interference; PI) or following (retroactive interference; RI) true information was examined with word definitions (Experiment 1) and trivia facts (Experiment 2). Participants were explicitly aware of which information was true and false when shown, and true-false discrimination was evaluated via multiple-choice tests. Negative suggestion, defined as poorer performance on interference items than noninterference (control) items, consistently occurred when the wrong information followed the correct information (RI) but not when it preceded the correct information (PI). These effects did not change as a function of retention interval (immediate, 1 week, or 3 weeks) or number of incorrect alternatives (1 or 3). Implications of this outcome for experiencing incorrect information in both academic and nonacademic situations are considered.     

Why Do Firms Implement Responsible Innovation? The Case of Emerging Technologies in South Korea

Science and Engineering Ethics - With the rise of responsible innovation (RI) initiatives in firms that commercialize innovation in recent years, experts have argued that in order for RI to...     

Retroactive inhibition as a function of the locus of categorized response sets

The effects which list-level taxonomic attributes should have upon retroactive inhibition (RI) producing mechanisms in both response-set interference theory (Postman & Stark, 1969) and Petrich’s (1975) retrieval model are discussed. A test of the theories was performed by manipulating the presence (1) or absence (0) of categorized response sets in both original learning (OL) and interpolated learning IIL), and comparing their predictions concerning the relative degree of RI expected in the four conditions (0-0, 0-1, 1-0, 1-1). In line with Petrich’s predictions, OL categorization significantly reduced RI, IL categorization significantly increased RI, and 0-1 produced significantly greater RI than 1-0. Moreover, the obtained ranking of the means for the experimental groups in degree of RI (0–1>0-0>1-0 ? 1-1) was in close agreement with the ranking predicted by Petrich’s (1975) model. The results provide support for Petrich’s (1975) retrieval model and pose explanatory problems for response-set interference theory (Postman & Stark, 1969).     

Acoustic similarity and interference in short-term recognition memory: Some results of a decision-theory analysis

The following three studies of single-probe recognition memory set out to show the effect on the signal-detectability measures of d' and β (Tanner and Swets, 1954) of variations in the acoustic similarity of interfering material, which may either precede or follow the item to be remembered (proactive or retroactive interference --PI or RI). The first experiment studies a situation employed by Wickelgren (1966a), who reported that acoustically similar RI substantially reduced d'. It is shown that this effect could have been due to biases in Wickelgren's original designs, and that when a bias-free design is used, the fall in d' is only of borderline significance.

To investigate this problem further, a design was evolved in which two items were presented for memorizing, which varied in acoustic similarity to each other, and (after a distracting task) a probe was presented with one of three questions: Was this the first item of the pair? Was it the second? or, Did it occur in either position? In the first case, recognition-memory with RI of varying acoustic similarity was being studied, and as in the first experiment, it was found that similarity slightly reduced d'. With the second question, PI effects were being studied, and here negligible differences were found. With the third type of question, a “location-free” test, no effects of similarity were found. The last result rules out Posner's (1967) “acid-bath” explanation of similarity effects in interference: an explanation in terms of “differentiation” (or “filtering”) was also invalidated by the results of a third experiment, in which the same effects were found even though similarity varied only between stimulus items and interference, and not between these and the probe. Wickelgren's (1966b) associative model appears to have least difficulty in accommodating these results, though even this needs certain ad hoc assumptions to be able to do so.     

Learning and development in neural networks--the importance of prior experience

Infants can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar grammatical patterns expressed in a vocabulary that is distinct from that used earlier during familiarization (Cognition 70(2) (1999) 109; Science 283 (1999) 77). Various models have captured the data, although each required that discrimination be distinct, in terms of the computational process, from familiarization. This article describes a simple recurrent network (SRN), equipped only with the assumption that it should predict what comes next, which models the data without distinguishing between familiarization and discrimination. To accomplish this, the SRN requires pre-training on a range of sequences instantiating different structures and different vocabulary items to those used subsequently during familiarization and test. Pre-training enables the network to avoid replacing structure acquired during familiarization with structure experienced at test. An equivalent enabling condition may underpin infants' resistance to catastrophic interference between the different structures and vocabulary items to which they are exposed.     

Probabilistic retroactive interference: the role of accessibility bias in interference effects

Probabilistic retroactive interference (RI) refers to the interfering effects of intermixing presentations of an earlier studied response (A-B) with presentations of a competing response (A-D). As an example, for a 2/3 condition, a cue word was presented with its earlier studied response twice and its competing response once during the interference phase. Performance on direct and indirect tests of memory for earlier studied responses was combined to reveal dissociations between effects on recollection and accessibility bias. Manipulating probabilistic RI influenced accessibility bias but left recollection unchanged. Effects of probabilistic RI were compared with effects of traditional, nonprobabilistic RI. The authors contrast their dual-process model with traditional accounts of RI and discuss the importance of distinguishing between recollection and accessibility bias for understanding interference effects.     

The darker side of accommodating others: Examining the interpersonal structure of maladaptive constructs

To better understand the greater prevalence of depression among women, compared to men, we explored the darker side of accommodating others by examining where maladaptive relational constructs fit within a general structural framework provided by the interpersonal circumplex and 5-factor model of personality. Participants were four samples of undergraduate students (Ns = 302–2070) who completed questionnaires. Results indicated two clusters of maladaptive items: Submission with Connection and Submission without Connection. In general, the most maladaptive relational constructs were concentrated in the first cluster and were located in the low agency, low communion region of the interpersonal circumplex.     

The effects of emotion and encoding strategy on associative memory

Research has demonstrated that when discrete pieces of information are integrated together at encoding-imagining two items together as a single entity, for example-there is a mnemonic benefit for their relationship. A separate body of literature has indicated that the presence of emotional information can have an impact on the binding of associated neutral details, in some cases facilitating associative binding (MacKay et al. Memory and Cognition 32:474-488, 2004; Mather, Perspectives on Psychological Science 2:33-52, 2007), and in other cases impeding the processing of associated details (Easterbrook, Psychological Review 66:183-201, 1959; Kensinger, Emotion Review 1:99-113, 2009). In the present experiments, we investigated how memory for neutral words is affected by the emotionality of the information with which they are presented (whether with an emotional word or a second neutral word) and the encoding context (integrated or nonintegrated strategy). Participants viewed word pairs and were instructed to visualize the items as an integrated unit or to visualize them separately from one another. The results of Experiment 1 showed a disproportionate mnemonic benefit for neutral items that were integrated with other neutral items over those integrated with emotional items. The results of Experiments 2A and 2B showed that this effect interacted with encoding time: When given 2?s to encode, participants showed no effect of integration on memory for neutral-neutral pairs, but showed a significant mnemonic benefit for integrating emotional-neutral pairs. When given 4 or 6?s, the integrative benefit increased significantly for neutral-neutral pairs but decreased for emotional-neutral pairs. These results suggest that creating an integrated mental image of two neutral items requires a more time-consuming process than integrating an emotional and a neutral item, but that extra effort may result in a downstream mnemonic benefit.     

Spacing and repetition effects in human memory: application of the SAM model

Spacing between study trials of an item increases the probability that item will be recalled. This article presents a new model for spacing based on the SAM theory of memory developed by Raaijmakers and Shiffrin (1980, 1981). The model is a generalization of the SAM model as applied to interference paradigms (Mensink & Raaijmakers, 1988, 1989) and may be viewed as a mathematical version of the Component‐Levels theory proposed by Glenberg (1979). It is assumed that on a second presentation of an item, information is added to an existing trace if the episodic memory image corresponding to that item is retrieved. If it is not retrieved, a new image is stored. It is shown that the model predicts many standard findings including the lack of a spacing effect for the recall of at least one of two items each presented once (Ross & Landauer, 1978).     

Directed Forgetting and Aging: The Role of Retrieval Processes,Processing Speed,and Proactive Interference

ABSTRACT

The directed forgetting effect obtained with the item method is supposed to depend on both selective rehearsal of to-be-remembered (TBR) items and attentional inhibition of to-be-forgotten (TBF) items. In this study, we investigated the locus of the directed forgetting deficit in older adults by exploring the influence of recollection and familiarity-based retrieval processes on age-related differences in directed forgetting. Moreover, we explored the influence of processing speed, short-term memory capacity, thought suppression tendencies, and sensitivity to proactive interference on performance. The results indicated that older adults' directed forgetting difficulties are due to decreased recollection of TBR items, associated with increased automatic retrieval of TBF items. Moreover, processing speed and proactive interference appeared to be responsible for the decreased recall of TBR items.