儿童青少年内外化心理病理问题“共发”现象研究现状与展望

儿童青少年内外化心理病理问题存在共发现象,已受到发展心理学和心理病理学研究者的广泛关注。本文对当前关于儿童青少年内外化问题的描述性研究和解释性研究进行了梳理,对儿童青少年共发现象发生率、发展特点、预测因素和发展结果等方面的重要研究发现进行系统性介绍。最后,基于发展级联和个体与环境因素交互作用视角,对未来本领域的研究进行展望,以期系统、完整地揭示内外化问题共发的原因。     

本刊征稿启事

本刊是北京师范大学发展心理研究所主办的心理学学术刊物 ,是国内心理科学核心刊物之一。读者对象为 :心理学工作者 ;儿童与青少年心理发展、心理健康和教育领域的研究人员、教学人员、管理人员 ,以及与这些领域有关的实际工作者。本刊坚持理论与实践相结合的方针 ,在重点发表儿童青少年心理与教育领域的基础研究成果的同时 ,特别重视发表与当前我国教育、社会和经济发展等现实问题联系密切的儿童心理与教育应用研究成果 ,如学校、幼儿园和家庭教育中的心理学问题 ,心理发展障碍 ,心理与行为问题 ,学习困难问题 ,儿童青少年心理健康问题 ,以…     

试论我国儿童心理学前进的道路

儿童心理学是心理学的一个分支,它是研究儿童与青少年心理发展的基本理论和发展过程或阶段中的各种心理特点及其规律的科学。研究儿童心理学对哲学认识论的研究具有重大意义。列宁曾指出:儿童智力发展史是“构成认识论和辩证法的知识领域"之一。而更重要的是:儿童心理学能为教育工作、儿童医疗卫生、儿童文艺、广播电视等社会实践领域提供儿童心理发展方面的基础科学知识。儿童心理学的重要性,就决定了我们探讨我国儿童心理学前进道路的必要性。     

中国儿童青少年人格发展与培养研究三十年

儿童青少年人格发展与培养是新世纪全面推进素质教育的一个关键性问题。自1981年以来,我们将理论研究、实证研究和经验总结有机结合,在全面系统地评述儿童人格发展理论的基础上,采用综合研究方法对我国儿童青少年人格进行全方位系统研究,基本构建出我国儿童青少年,特别是儿童人格发展与教育的基本框架。本文将具体阐述我们三十多年来对于儿童青少年人格发展研究的成果,系统地阐述儿童青少年人格及重要特质的结构,发展的一般特点,影响儿童青少年人格发展的因素,以及培养儿童健全人格发展的有效模式,并对未来的研究提出建议。     

当代西方青少年研究趋势探析

“青少年”是社会和历史发展的产物,是工业革命对有技术劳动力需求和教育的结果。自从1904年G.S霍尔的两卷本巨著《青少年心理学》出版之后,青少年心理学便成为研究青少年的一个重要领域,一代又一代研究者对霍尔当时所提的问题、以及有关的许多问题进行了相当广泛和深人的研究——这包括青春期问题、形式运算思维、同一性发展、代沟问题、家庭与同伴影响、学习过渡,以及少女怀孕、物质滥用等一系列理论和实践问题。这些研究影响了众多相关的学术领域,同时也深深影响了人类的健康、教育、宗教和司法等活动。本文旨在对近十余年该领域研究回顾的基础上,结合当前社会发展的形势和变迁,对西方青少年研究在研究主题和研究方法上的趋势作些概括。     

中国青少年互联网心理与行为研究及展望

本文回顾了近十年来中国青少年互联网心理与行为的研究成果,从研究主题的角度进行了聚类分析,并与国外青少年互联网心理与行为研究进行了对比。发现中国青少年互联网心理与行为研究主要聚焦于网络成瘾方面,同时也在网络欺负、网络亲社会行为、网络自我表露等领域有较为丰富的研究成果。现有研究存在研究领域相对狭窄、研究内容深度不足、研究方法较为单一等问题。结合青少年互联网使用特点和时代发展与变迁,本文从大数据、新媒体、电子竞技三个方面展望了未来中国青少年互联网心理与行为研究的方向,对互联网时代下的心理学研究具有理论和实践的启发意义。     

家庭因素与青少年犯罪的关系研究述评

随着犯罪理论（如社会控制理论、依恋理论、社会学习理论和问题行为理论）的不断发展,家庭因素与青少年犯罪关系的研究重点已由最初的家庭结构变量（如家庭完整性、家庭经济状况）逐渐扩展并聚焦在家庭功能变量（如家庭气氛、亲子依恋和亲子沟通等）和家庭成员行为变量（如教养方式、父母监控等）。近年来该研究领域开始深入探讨青少年认知过程在教养方式与青少年犯罪之间所起的中介作用,以及儿童青少年的人格、社区环境、神经生物学等变量与家庭因素的交互作用。最后本文总结了该领域研究的最新趋势和以往研究的不足     

儿童欺侮问题研究综述

儿童间的欺侮问题是近十几年中发展心理学和学校心理学研究中比较活跃的一个领域,也是具有重要实践意义的一个研究课题。该文分三部分简述近年来国外该领域研究的一些主要成果和最新动态,包括欺侮的概念及儿童欺侮发生的一殷特点、欺侮产生原因的理论假设以及家庭、学校和同伴群体对儿童欺侮的影响。     

积极的应对研究

积极心理学是当前心理学的趋势,应激与应对研究中亦体现着这种特点。从应激源、应对方式与过程以及应对后果(复原力)三方面,综合探讨了当前应激与应对研究领域内的新变化,认为应激与应对研究正处于积极的应对研究潮流中,并展望了对未来应激与应对的研究发展。     

儿童核心领域朴素"理论"的研究进展

核心领域朴素“理论”是目前儿童发展心理学研究中的前沿课题之一。学前儿童已获得丰富的关于客观世界的知识,并且大量的实验证明4岁儿童已经拥有心理理论,但是他们是否还具有其他核心领域朴素“理论”,这些朴素“理论”的发展是否具有同步性等问题,仍然是发展心理学领域中争论的焦点。该文介绍了核心领域朴素“理论”的研究新进展,并提出了有待进一步探讨的问题。     

Development of a coping with stress scale for a non-western population of children and adolescents

Background and objectives: In the related literature numerous instruments have been developed to measure children and adolescents’ coping with stress. Considering the cultural differences in individuals’ choice for coping strategies, along with the limitations of the existing measures of coping for children and adolescents (e.g., being derived from coping measures developed for adults; unrepresentative samples with limited age range, etc.), the current study aimed to construct a self-report coping scale for a non-western population of children and adolescents.

Design and methods: The study design included both qualitative and quantitative methodology. Three consecutive studies were conducted for the development and validation of the Children and Adolescents’ Coping with Stress Scale (CACSS), a self-report measure assessing coping strategies of children and adolescents aged from 9 to 18 in response to self-identified stressors.

Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a 61-item CACSS with 10 factors. The scale appears to have a clear factor structure; sufficient temporal stability; and good convergent, discriminant, and construct validity.

Conclusions: By addressing limitations of existing coping scales, CACSS is believed to contribute to the literature as a developmentally appropriate and multidimensional tool.     

Israeli adolescents' coping strategies in relation to terrorist attacks

Exposure to terrorism seriously threatens the well-being of children and adolescents. Israeli citizens have witnessed massive ongoing terrorist attacks during the last few years. The present research, conducted among 330 Israeli adolescents, examined coping strategies in relation to terrorist attacks. We found that adolescents utilize more productive than non-productive coping strategies when dealing with terrorist attacks. Moreover, they rarely seek professional help. Male adolescents use more non-productive coping strategies and female adolescents seek more social support as a coping strategy. The impact of exposure to media reports and life satisfaction on adolescents' use of coping strategies is discussed, and potentially effective approaches to coping with terrorist attacks are proposed.     

Competence in Coping with Future-Related Stress in Adolescents from France,Italy, Great Britain,and Germany

The present study investigated how European adolescents cope with perceived future-related stress. Altogether 3,154 adolescents (mean age of 15 years) from four countries (n = 1,071 Italians, n = 1,433 Germans, n = 308 French, and n = 341 British) participated in the study. They completed the Problem Questionnaire, which assesses future-related stress, and the CASQ, which assesses how three coping styles (active coping, internal coping, and withdrawal) are used to deal with future-related stress. German and British adolescents showed low levels of stress, whereas French and Italian adolescents had high levels. All adolescents anticipated future-related problems but did not portray their futures negatively. In addition, they dealt with future-related stress actively and showed high levels of coping competence. Adolescents used active coping strategies most frequently, followed by thinking about possible solutions. Dysfunctional coping strategies (e.g., withdrawal) were used much less often. The effects of age, gender, and family variables on stress perception and coping style were negligible. Overall, our findings highlight the tenets of positive psychology by revealing that adolescents are concerned about their futures and that they show high agency in dealing with future-related problems. Further, the findings are relevant for positive youth development programs, especially those which endorse positive orientation to the future and coping competence.     

初中生积极适应的发展轨迹:基于潜变量增长模型的分析

采用问卷法对290名初中生在初中三年间积极适应的发展状况进行四次追踪测试,利用潜变量增长模型检验个体积极适应的变化趋势,同时考察了随时间稳定变量(学校转换)和随时间变化变量(压力知觉)对积极适应的影响。结果发现:1、从初一到初三,个体积极适应的自我肯定和行事效率维度呈曲线上升趋势,且上升速度逐年下降;亲社会倾向呈线性上升趋势;积极应对呈线性下降趋势;2、学校转变对初中生积极适应发展的影响较小;3、压力知觉可显著抑制当时初中生的积极适应。     

Resilience and Coping Intervention with Children and Adolescents in At-Risk Neighborhoods

This study evaluated the Resilience and Coping Intervention for Children (RCI), a group intervention to increase coping skills and resilience in children and adolescents. RCI was delivered to children and adolescents residing in five at-risk neighborhoods in a southern U.S. city. Children’s and adolescents’ self-report of coping strategies, strengths and difficulties with behaviors and emotions, and hope indicated decreased difficulties with behavior and emotions and increased feelings of hope postintervention. Parent report of difficulties with behavior and emotions revealed a significant decrease in children but not in adolescents. Mean scores for four coping dimensions increased, but the increase was not statistically significant.     

The Promotional Role of School and Community Contexts for Military Students

This article examines how supportive public school environments can serve as a promotional context for the development of children and adolescents from military families. The authors integrate theory and research from multiple research strands (e.g., human development, studies of at-risk youth, educational reform, goodness of fit theory, and school climate) to outline how public schools can support the development of all children and adolescents. This article provides further support for the supposition that school climates and the social-ecological contexts surrounding a school (e.g., universities, communities, school districts) have the potential to protect at-risk children and adolescents from an array of negative social, emotional, and psychological outcomes. The authors draw linkages between these research domains and the development of military children and adolescents. Promotional civilian school environments embedded within supportive and inclusive contexts can create a social infrastructure that supports the development of military children and adolescents. The authors argue that this conceptual approach can create a foundation for interventions and research that focuses on schools as normative supportive developmental settings for military children and youth during challenging times of war (e.g., deployments and multiple school transitions). This article concludes with a discussion of future directions in research on the development of military children and adolescents. Based on a heuristic conceptual model that outlines areas needing further research, the authors call for a deeper theoretical and empirical integration of school climate and external contextual factors surrounding the school. Investigating the social and organizational dynamics within these contexts can result in a more comprehensive picture of the development of military children and adolescents.     

Coping Strategies in Adolescents

Children and adolescents report that they experience stress in their lives and that they attempt to cope with that stress. Although most research on stress and coping has focused on adults, recent attention to adolescents suggests there are developmental changes in coping during adolescence and that particular coping strategies vary with gender and the type of stressors adolescents experience. This study examined coping strategies used by male and female students in early, middle, and late adolescence when they were coping with two different types of stressors: daily hassles and major life events. Older adolescents used a greater variety coping strategies and used methods that directly reduce the impact of the stressor and involved a cognitive component (e.g., planful problem solving; reappraisal) more often than younger adolescents. Adolescents in all age groups varied their strategies in relation to the type of stressor, but there were no significant gender differences. The findings suggest that significant changes during a relatively short period during adolescence may affect adaptive processes and have implications for intervention efforts aimed at reducing the negative effects of stress during this period of development.     

青少年调节聚焦对心理复原力的影响：元情绪和应对方式的链式中介

研究旨在考察应对方式、元情绪在不同类型调节聚焦与心理复原力关系中的中介效应。使用简易应对方式量表、调节聚焦量表、特质性元情绪量表和心理复原力量表对随机抽取的安徽省四所初高中899名青少年进行调查。结果发现：（1）调节聚焦、应对方式和元情绪能显著预测心理复原力。（2）促进聚焦不仅能够直接正向预测心理复原力,还能够通过元情绪、积极应对以及消极应对间接预测心理复原力。（3）防御聚焦能够通过消极应对、元情绪以及积极应对间接预测心理复原力。本研究结果显示,元情绪与应对方式能够解释青少年调节聚焦与心理复原力关系的内在机制。     

Research on Vocational Behavior: The Singapore Perspective

This article traces the development of vocational psychology in the Republic of Singapore from 1985 to 1997. It reviews both published and unpublished research studies on vocational psychology, including studies of career development, interests, sex-stereotyping in career choice, work values, and job satisfaction. Based on empirical data, the article examines the influences of home and school on the career development of adolescents and reviews experimental studies on various career guidance practices. The article concludes with suggestions for the future development of vocational psychology in Singapore.     

Perfectionism and Cognitive Factors in Distress and Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents: Introduction to the Special Issue

The current article provides an overview of the papers in this special issue on the role of perfectionism in distress and dysfunction among children and adolescents. To our knowledge, this is the first special issue that is focused specifically on the nature and role of perfectionism in maladjustment among children and adolescents. Themes explored in the papers in this special issue include the relevance of a multidimensional approach when studying perfectionism in children and youth, the association between perfectionism and indices of dysfunctional cognitive and self-evaluative processes, and the role of perfectionism in maladaptive coping and self-regulation. Another key theme addressed is the potential usefulness of cognitive-behavioral interventions for perfectionistic children and adolescents at risk for anxiety and depression. In addition to introducing the papers in the special issue, we provide an overview of the historical antecedents of past research and theory that highlights the role of perfectionism in developmental psychopathology. Case studies illustrating dysfunctional perfectionism in children and adolescents are also provided.