评《人胚胎干细胞研究伦理指导原则》

据2004年1月14日<健康报>报道,科技部和卫生部联合发布了十二条<人胚胎干细胞研究伦理指导原则>,这是继1998年卫生部颁布<涉及人体的生物医学研究伦理审查办法(试行)>,1999年国家药品监督管理局颁布<药品临床试验管理规范>后,国家有关主管科研部门颁布的一个专项伦理指导原则.该文件首先指出了遵守国际国内的伦理准则与科学研究的顺利发展的一致性,明确禁止人的生殖性克隆,禁止人胚胎的研究超过14天,禁止将研究用胚胎植入人和其他动物生殖系统,禁止人的生殖细胞与其他物种生殖细胞的结合,禁止买卖人类配子、受精卵、胚胎和胎儿组织,强调贯彻知情同意和知情选择原则,保护隐私以及要求成立伦理委员会,这些都是非常重要的,应该加以肯定.     

人类胚胎的道德地位

胚胎干细胞技术的发展带来了干细胞来源的伦理争论,提出了如何看待"胚胎道德地位"的问题。围绕这一问题,有三种观点,它们分别从生物性、理性功能以及人的潜能性来界定胚胎的道德地位。通过对三种观点的分析,本文强调坚持人的尊严原则,是推动新兴生物技术发展的核心和归宿。     

Human Cloning and Embryo Research: The 2003 John J. Conley Lecture on Medical Ethics

The author, a member of the U.S.President's Council on Bioethics, discussesethical issues raised by human cloning, whetherfor purposes of bringing babies to birth or forresearch purposes. He first argues that everycloned human embryo is a new, distinct, andenduring organism, belonging to the speciesHomo sapiens, and directing its owndevelopment toward maturity. He then distinguishesbetween two types of capacities belonging toindividual organisms belonging to this species,an immediately exerciseable capacity and abasic natural capacity that develops over time. He argues that it is the second type ofcapacity that is the ground for full moralrespect, and that this capacity (and itsconcomitant degree of respect) belongs tocloned human embryos no less than to adulthuman beings. He then considers and rejectscounter-arguments to his position, includingthe suggestion that the capacity of embryos isequivalent to the capacity of somatic cells,that full human rights are afforded only tohuman organisms with functioning brains, thatthe possibility of twinning diminishes themoral status of embryos, that the fact thatpeople do not typically mourn the loss of earlyembryos implies that they have a diminishedmoral status, that the fact that earlyspontaneous abortions occur frequentlydiminishes the moral status of embryos, andthat his arguments depend upon a concept ofensoulment. He concludes that if the moralstatus of cloned human embryos is equivalent tothat of adults, then public policy should bebased upon this assumption.     

Human Embryos and Human Dignity: Differing Presuppositions in Human Embryo Research in Germany and Great Britain*

This article notes differences in legislation in Germany and Great Britain regarding human embryo research and looks for an explanation in their divergent intellectual traditions. Whereas the German Stem Cell Act invokes an anthropological concept of human dignity to ground its ban on using embryos for research, there is no definition of what it means to be human in either the British Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act or in the advisory Warnock‐Report. After studying the differences and providing some philosophical background, the essay distinguishes two notions that are significant for understanding human dignity. It then proposes from a theological point of view a basic understanding within a relational anthropology, and comes to the conclusion that because of continuity in development and their relational constitution, humans embryos should be accepted as human from the moment of conception.     

Report on a Panel Discussion on Interpretation

A case is presented where the patient's early experiences of violence and neglect have resulted in a defensive organization that has protected him against intolerable anxiety, at the cost of development and growth. In the analytic setting, the patient withdrew into his perverse fantasy world, an area of relative peace where he had omnipotent control, whenever contact with the analyst within a “room for relatedness” was experienced as threatening or frustrating. His avoidance of contact with the analyst was also an avoidance of reality, and proved to be a strong obstacle to progress in the treatment. During the terminal phase, he was forced to face reality and it seemed then that some widening of his psychic reality took place.     

Shiite Perspective on the Moral Status of the Early Human Embryo: A Critical Review

According to Shiite perspective, the relative inviolability of the human embryo starts at the time of implantation and attains complete ethical status at ensoulment. Different paradigms of embryology have been influential on the understanding of Shiite jurists of the relevant Qur’anic verses. This paper provides a critical review of the process of issuing religious decrees on issues related to the early human life and concludes that Shiite jurisprudence needs to obtain consistency in its adopted account of embryology and adopt a proactive approach toward the bioethical new-emerging issues.     

胚胎干细胞技术对人类社会利弊辩

正方辩题 :胚胎干细胞技术对人类社会利大于弊反方辩题 :胚胎干细胞技术对人类社会弊大于利正方一辩 :主席、评委、各位辩友 ,大家好 :有位学者曾经说过 :“2 0世纪是药物时代 ,2 1世纪是细胞时代。”1998年 ,美国科学家用人类胚胎干细胞在体外培养和分化的成功 ,引发了全球干细胞研究的热潮 ,同时也激起人们对这一新兴技术发展的争议。经过对这项技术中所蕴涵的科学价值的判断和应用前景的展望 ,以及所带来的生命学、伦理学等诸多问题的理性反思 ,我方一致认为 :胚胎干细胞技术对人类社会利大于弊。所谓胚胎干细胞 ,其实是人胚胎发育早期—…     

Report of the Working Group on Research

Prepared by the Working Group on Research from the November 1995 Georgetown conference sponsored by the Association of Medical School Psychologists, this paper focuses upon the challenges for psychologists who wish to maintain active research programs in academic medical settings. Six specific strategies are offered that, if followed, would increase opportunities and visibility of psychological research programs both within academic medical settings and within society at large.