Epistemic Possibility and the Necessity of Origin

The necessity of origin suggests that a person’s identity is determined by the particular pair of gametes from which the person originated. An implication is that speculative scenarios concerning how we might otherwise have been had our gametic origins been different are dismissed as being metaphysically impossible. Given, however, that many of these speculations are intelligible and commonplace in the discourses of competent speakers, it is overhasty to dismiss them as mistakes. This paper offers a way of understanding these speculations that does not commit them to incoherence but aims to make the best sense of what they are expressing. Using the philosophical framework of two-dimensional semantics, it proposes that the speculative scenarios are best analysed as epistemic possibilities, rather than as metaphysical possibilities. It then explores some implications of this analysis for the ethical challenges associated with the non-identity problem.     

Lost at Sea: A New Route to Metaphysical Skepticism

Global metaphysical skepticism is the view that we have no knowledge of any substantive metaphysical thesis. Various reasons have been provided in support of global metaphysical skepticism. I provide a new one. The reason, very roughly, is this. Metaphysical theses come together as packages. Such packages are very different from each other. Because the packages are so different, we cannot know of any one of the packages that it isn't true. And because we cannot know of any one of them that it isn't true, we cannot know any substantive metaphysical thesis at all. My paper makes this argument much more precise and defends each of the premises in detail.     

解释心理起源的新理论范式——进化心理学

进化心理学旨在通过进化的心理机制来解释人类行为的适应性,是解释人类心理起源和本质的一种新兴理论范式。该文首先简要分析了进化心理学的诞生背景;其次介绍了该理论的研究内容,其中重点阐述了进化的心理机制的适应性和领域特异性;然后评述了该理论对认知科学、发展心理学和消费者行为学的积极影响;最后对该理论的局限性与发展前景进行了小结。     

五音戏源流新探

五音戏是山东淄博五音剧院专有剧种。＂五音戏＂之名称,因其戏曲音乐由五个音阶组成而得名,其前身是全省广为流行的＂肘鼓戏＂声腔系统的一个分支流派。＂肘鼓戏＂应写作＂扌周鼓戏＂,＂扌周＂为山东东、南部方言,意为＂扭＂、＂拧＂、＂转＂,＂扌周鼓戏＂之名称则因为摇晃鼓的伴奏方式而得名。＂扌周鼓戏＂源于原始巫戏与道教结合后形成的带有宗教性质的以敬神、驱邪、还愿等为目的说唱。     

A Posteriori Necessity as Restricted Necessity

I argue that conventionalists should construe a posteriori necessity as restricted necessity. I take Sidelle’s defence of the conventionalist explanation of a posteriori necessity against the contingency problem as the starting point. Sidelle construes a posteriori necessity as unrestricted necessity and then argues that a posteriori necessity is to be considered under a fixed convention (meaning) and is thus irrelevant to the contingent nature of our linguistic conventions. I offer a different solution to the contingency problem. I argue that conventionalists should construe a posteriori necessity as restricted necessity based upon a use-based meta-semantic picture. Restricted necessity is contingent in a broader sense and does not conflict with the contingency of conventions. My solution allows conventionalists to explain a posteriori necessity as restricted necessity. I show that the realist’s arguments for a posteriori necessity are unconvincing in regard to real modal features and a posteriori necessity as unrestricted necessity. We thus have good reason to continue to accept a posteriori necessity as restricted necessity under the conventionalist explanation.

     

基督教神秘主义起源探索

本文以历史的眼光,通过对基督教起源的追溯,意图发现形成神秘主义的诸种因素,并进一步探讨早期的基督教神秘主义思想.     

The Paradigm Challenged A New Analysis of the Origin of Diakonia 1

The classical paradigm saw the apostolic and biblical age as a special moment for the diaconal ministry. The important role of the diaconal ministry continued for just a few centuries and finally withered. According to this study, the traditional outline is not historically true, or at least we need new evidence in order to argue for the biblical origin of a social-caritative diaconal ministry. Following the interpretation of New Testament texts by Luther and Calvin, the 19^th century diaconia movement projected its own life setting into the ancient texts. Thus the return to the biblical ministry of diaconia actually turned out to be a reinterpretation of biblical and early church writings. The ministry of diakonos in the early church was not invented by the modern movement, but it gave a totally new meaning to the ancient Greek concept and also launched a new way to use diakonia-derivative vocabulary.     

On the Reduction of Necessity to Essence

In his influential paper ‘‘Essence and Modality’’, Kit Fine argues that no account of essence framed in terms of metaphysical necessity is possible, and that it is rather metaphysical necessity which is to be understood in terms of essence. On his account, the concept of essence is primitive, and for a proposition to be metaphysically necessary is for it to be true in virtue of the nature of all things. Fine also proposes a reduction of conceptual and logical necessity in the same vein: a conceptual necessity is a proposition true in virtue of the nature of all concepts, and a logical necessity a proposition true in virtue of the nature of all logical concepts. I argue that the plausibility of Fine's view crucially requires that certain apparent explanatory links between essentialist facts be admitted and accounted for, and I make a suggestion about how this can be done. I then argue against the reductions of conceptual and logical necessity proposed by Fine and suggest alternative reductions, which remain nevertheless Finean in spirit.     

A Dilemma About Necessity

The problem of the source of necessity is the problem of explaining what makes necessary truths necessarily true. Simon Blackburn has presented a dilemma intended to show that any reductive, realist account of the source of necessity is bound to fail. Although Blackburn's dilemma faces serious problems, reflection on the form of explanations of necessities reveals that a revised dilemma succeeds in defeating any reductive account of the source of necessity. The lesson is that necessity is metaphysically primitive and irreducible.

Lighting Up the Lizard Brain: The New Necessity of Theater

The paper seeks to identify criteria that digital communication would have to satisfy in order to serve the functions for which theater is necessary in human cultures.     

A Proof-theoretic View of Necessity

We give a reading of binary necessity statements of the form “ϕ is necessary for ψ” in terms of proofs. This reading is based on the idea of interpreting such statements as “Every proof of ψ uses ϕ”.     

三家《诗》思想渊源之蠡测

西汉今文诗学分为鲁、齐、韩三家。三家《诗》虽然都属于今文诗学,但其思想特征并不完全相同。而这些思想特征的不同,与它们思想来源的不同有着密切关系:鲁《诗》与荀子思想有着密切关系,在解《诗》的时候突出了礼的地位;齐《诗》源自以《公羊》为代表的齐学,有着浓厚的阴阳五行思想色彩;韩《诗》同时受到荀子与阴阳家两方面思想的影响,这也是其既有荀子"天人相分"思想,又有天人感应、阴阳灾异思想的原因所在。从保持先秦《诗》义的原貌来看,鲁《诗》的贡献最大。但从汉代经学的发展来看,齐《诗》无疑最能反映西汉今文诗学的特色。     

薛季宣思想渊源新探

南宋永嘉学派的开创人物薛季宣不仅受到北宋洛学的影响,而且与王安石新学、苏轼苏学渊源颇深。这些流派共同拥有的经世关怀,透过不同途径凝聚为季宣学思中的事功精神。季宣既继承了洛学和苏学的仁义中道等儒家义理原则,也充分吸收、融合了二者思想里具象性和实践性的理论因素。对王安石其人其事的反思,则促进了季宣对儒家道德义理的肯认,深化了有关政治改革的理解。     

Slit2与MVD及食管癌生物学行为关系的研究

研究食管鳞状细胞癌组织中神经迁移蛋白Slit2的表达及其与微血管密度的关系,并探讨两者与食管鳞癌临床病理特征的关系。采用免疫组化SP法检测64例癌组织和36例癌旁组织中Slit2蛋白的表达水平及CD34标记的微血管密度（microvessel density,MVD）。Slit2蛋白在食管鳞状细胞癌和癌旁组织中的表达阳性率分别为70．3％和16．7％。两者的表达差异有统计学意义（χ^2=26．53,P〈0．01）;食道鳞状细胞癌和癌旁组织中MVD计数分别为（44．07±17．44）／mm^2,（25．26±7．91）／mm^2,两者存在显著性差异（r=7．383,P〈0．01）;Slit2表达阳性的肿瘤组织MVD明显大于Slit2阴性表达的肿瘤组织[（49．30±15．78）／mm^2对（34．44±17．06）／mm^2,P〈0．05）],Slit2蛋白的表达水平与肿瘤大小、TNM分期和淋巴结转移显著相关;MVD计数与浸润深度、TNM分期和淋巴结转移显著相关。肿瘤组织中Slit2蛋白的表达与MVD计数呈正相关（r=0．683,P〈0．01）。结论认为食管鳞状细胞癌组织中Slit2蛋白表达和MVD计数与其生物学行为密切相关,是通过Slit2基因介导肿瘤新生血管的形成实现的,Slit2是调节食管癌血管生成的重要因子。     

What Not to Multiply Without Necessity

The Razor commands us not to multiply entities without necessity. I argue for an alternative principle—The Laser—which commands us not to multiply fundamental entities without necessity.     

新时期我国农村卫生服务体系的路径选择

解决好占中国人口将近70%的农民的健康问题,是全面建设小康社会中非常重要的问题。如何完善现有的卫生服务体系、构建真正惠及全体农业人口的卫生服务体系又是农村卫生事业发展的重中之重。试从制度经济学的角度出发,探讨新时期我国农村卫生服务体系的路径选择。