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1.
Quasi-experimental evaluation methods promised to provide a way of testing and improving solutions to social problems. These
methods have been found wanting. Alternative approaches, including “pragmatic evaluation,” “naturalistic evaluation,” and
“pluralist evaluation” are also shown to be unsatisfactory. The initial promise of the evaluation movement has been disappointed.
Realistic evaluation is advocated as an alternative to existing forms of evaluation. It is rooted in some European traditions
in epistemology, ontology, and social theory. It offers a framework within which rigorous outcome evaluations can be undertaken
with results that can inform policy and practice.
He is president of the Research Committee on Methodology of the International Sociological Association.
He is seconded part-time to the Home Office Police Research Group as a research consultant.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the founding conference of the European Evaluation Society, The Hague, 1–2
December, 1994. 相似文献
2.
Mark van de Vall 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1991,4(3):41-57
In the discussion about “enlightenment” or “utilization” in program evaluation, it is increasingly clear that the discussants
implicitly refer to different professional contexts. Weiss, in Alkin (1990), using the “scientist” approach appears to reflect
upon the academic context of the traditional university, where, beyond the land grant institutions, “enlightenment” is the
honored objective. In contrast, Patton (Alkin, 1990) speaks from the clinical perspective of the organization consultant,
with “utilization” the essential element in the evaluator-client relationship. Yet, those contextual differences notwithstanding,
each party defends its case on the implicit assumption ofone methodological procedure of program evaluation—equally shared by both. Correcting this assumption, this article articulates
major principles and methods of the “clinical” approach in program evaluation. The method has been tested in the field in
western Europe and the United States. Its characteristic difference with the academic tradition is that in clinical evaluation,
improving the program is part of the method.
Mark van de Vall is professor of Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam and adjunct professor at SUNY / Buffalo. 相似文献
3.
C. B. Claiborne 《Applied research in quality of life》2009,4(4):387-389
In “The Quality of Life in Seventeenth-Century Ireland,” Thomas Jordan brings a historian’s perspective to quality-of-life
studies. The book raises questions about the determinants of quality-of-life, tangible outcomes and appropriate measures to
assess societal well-being. 相似文献
4.
Disciplinary roots and branches of evaluation: Some lessons from agricultural research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douglas Horton 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,10(4):31-66
Since its origins in North America in the 1960s, the field of program evaluation has grown considerably, and its concerns
have broadened from accountability to program improvement, decision support, and institutional learning. Program evaluation
is now commonly practiced in governmental organizations not only in North America but also in many countries of Western Europe
and Oceania. Although program evaluation is a relatively new field with many controversies and lively debates, a unifying
body of evaluation theory, methods, and standards is gradually emerging. Evaluation has recently been described as a “transdiscipline,”
as are statistics and measurement.
This article is based largely on my personal experiences working in agricultural research organizations in developing regions.
Here, a number of different types of evaluation are carried out, but program evaluation as defined by Patton (1997) and as
practiced by social scientists to assess public programs is largely unknown. Distinct branches of agricultural research evaluation
can be identified, with disciplinary roots in the natural sciences and in agricultural economics. The most rigorous agricultural
research evaluations are economic studies. Systematic internal evaluation is notably lacking. Current pressures to improve
performance, transparency, and accountability are creating demands for more systematic evaluation, and many program evaluation
concepts and methods would seem to be of value in agricultural research organizations. However, in the current scenario of
declining funding for agricultural research, managers are yet to be convinced to expand their evaluation activities and explore
unfamiliar paradigms and methods. Moreover, they are not yet convinced that social-science-based program evaluation would
produce useful results. Natural scientists and economists tend to view program evaluation as “soft-science” or no science
at all.
Douglas Horton works at the International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) in The Netherlands. Since joining
ISNAR in early 1990, he has done research, training, and advisory work on agricultural research management, with an emphasis
on evaluation. Previously, for fifteen years, Horton was head of the social science department of the International Potato
Center (CIP) in Peru. With colleagues at CIP and in national agricultural research organizations, he documented patterns and
trends in world potato production and use, engaged in participatory technology development and assessed the impact of CIP
programs. Horton received B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. in
economics from Cornell University. While at Cornell, Horton worked with W.F. Whyte, pioneer in the fields of participant observation
and participatory action research. 相似文献
5.
In the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) involving race classification (white vs. black),
an apparent compatibility effect is found between the “pleasant” attribute and the “white” category. This race IAT effect
has been interpreted in terms of “implicit prejudice”—that is, more positive evaluation of whites than of blacks that is not
open to consciousness. We suggested instead that the race IAT effect is better interpreted in terms of the salience asymmetry
account proposed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004), whereby greater familiarity with the white category makes it more salient.
Evidence that has been presented against the familiarity interpretation is considered, and alternative interpretations of
findings related to the race IAT effect are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) methods have been used to contrast single- and dual-process accounts of recognition memory.
In these procedures, subjects are presented with individual test items and are required to make recognition decisions under
various time constraints. In this experiment, we presented word lists under incidental learning conditions, varying the modality
of presentation and level of processing. At test, we manipulated the interval between each visually presented test item and
a response signal, thus controlling the amount of time available to retrieve target information. Study— test modality match
had a beneficial effect on recognition accuracy at short response-signal delays (≤300msec). Conversely, recognition accuracy
benefited more from deep than from shallow processing at study only at relatively long response-signal delays (≥300 msec).
The results are congruent with views suggesting that both fast familiarity and slower recollection processes contribute to
recognition memory. 相似文献
7.
M. Joseph Sirgy Dong-Jin Lee Kunal Kamra John Tidwell 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(4):251-268
This paper reports two studies designed to identify the determinants of perceived quality-of-life impact (PQOLI) of mobile
phones. We hypothesized that PQOLI of mobile phones is determined by mostly global feelings of satisfaction with mobile phones,
which in turn are determined by satisfaction with a broad range of customer-related experiences—experience with the purchase
of the mobile phone and service, preparing the mobile phone for personal use, using the mobile phone, owning the mobile phone,
maintenance and repairs of the mobile phone, and disposal of the mobile phone (stages in the consumption life cycle). “Study 1” focused testing the model using a college student population. “Study 2” was designed to replicate the findings of “Study 1” with a more mature and diverse consumer population and extend the model by demonstrating that PQOLI has a significant predictive
influence on brand loyalty, thus underscoring the managerial utility of our model. The study results are supportive of our
overall model and its hypotheses. 相似文献
8.
Vrhovac B 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):81-93
The Helsinki Declaration is the ‘gold standard’ — a directive, not a law, on how to conduct controlled studies in humans in
conformity with ethical principles. In spite of many discussions about their unsuitability some articles have remained unchanged
in the most recent (sixth) revision of the Declaration. The demand to use “the best treatment” excludes use of placebo in
the control group and presents an obstacle to the scientific evaluation of a number of drugs and treatments in general. The
use of placebo is justified whenever its use does not cause irreversible damage or considerable suffering to the well informed
patient. It must be, is, and will be used in the controlled clinical trials of treatments of a great number of diseases especially
those which have a tendency to spontaneous improvement, even healing, or have a pronounced psychological component
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, we discuss an approach to ‘design for wow’ that focuses on the emotions that constitute a wow-experience. In
this approach, the eliciting conditions of these emotions are used to define a product character with a high wow-impact. In
addition to the approach, a measurable wow-index is introduced. First, a concept of wow is described in which wow is explained
as a combination of fascination, pleasant surprise, and desire. The eliciting conditions of these three emotions are examined
and combined to a ‘wow-appraisal.’ This concept is applied in the design of a mobile telephone. A combination of qualitative
and quantitative research methods was used to formulate concern themes relevant for the wow-appraisal. These themes were used
to create a layered product character and a prototype of the final design. An evaluation study demonstrated that the product
designed with this approach rated higher on the wow-index than alternative products. 相似文献
10.
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12.
Arnold Godfroij 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1995,8(3):55-70
This article reviews different approaches to quality management in the private sector from an evolutionary perspective. Two
dimensions of this evolution are crucial: the scope of evaluation (“product” versus “system”) and the objective versus intersubjective
orientation. Experiences within the private sector can be relevant for the public sector, with adaptation for public sector
characteristics. Complexity of both object and process of evaluation has implications for the professionalization of the evaluation
function. 相似文献
13.
Daniel Cohnitz 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2006,37(2):373-392
Summary In their paper, ‘When are thought experiments poor ones?’ (Peijnenburg and David Atkinson, 2003, Journal of General Philosophy of Science 34, 305-322.), Jeanne Peijnenburg and David Atkinson argue that most, if not all, philosophical thought experiments are “poor”
ones with “disastrous consequences” and that they share the property of being poor with some (but not all) scientific thought
experiments. Noting that unlike philosophy, the sciences have the resources to avoid the disastrous consequences, Peijnenburg
and Atkinson come to the conclusion that the use of thought experiments in science is in general more successful than in philosophy
and that instead of concocting more “recherché” thought experiments, philosophy should try to be more empirical. In this comment
I will argue that Peijnenburg’s and Atkinson’s view on thought experiments is based on a misleading characterization of both,
the dialectical situation in philosophy as well as the history of physics. By giving an adequate account of what the discussion
in contemporary philosophy is about, we will arrive at a considerably different evaluation of philosophical thought experiments.
For I am convinced that we now find ourselves at an altogether decisive turning point in philosophy, and that we are objectively justified in considering that an end has come to the fruitless conflict of systems. We are already at the present time, in my opinion, in possession of methods which make any such conflict in principle unnecessary. What is now required is their resolute application. (Schlick, ‘The Turning Point in Philosophy’, 1930/1959, p. 54).相似文献
14.
Wasilewski BW 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):179-188
With the example of treatment of menopause-related vegetative and emotional disturbances, the author verifies the effectiveness
of the use of Ignatia amara containing complex homeopathic remedies (IACCHR) as an alternative to placebo. Substantial improvement
in psychological and psychosomatic symptoms was observed. Climacteric complaints diminished or disappeared completely in the
majority of women (95.7% by patient evaluation and 96.2% by physician evaluation). Compared to standard pharmaceuticals, IACCHR
treatment was tolerated better and lower risk of side effects was observed. The results obtained in this work indicate the
significant therapeutic potential of this group of treatments, which is in line with the therapeutic effect of the placebo.
Nevertheless, the showing of specific effects in pharmacological tests disqualifies the investigated treatments from use in
a clinical trial in place of a placebo.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
15.
Lara Descartes 《Journal of Adult Development》2006,13(3-4):137-147
Qualitative data are used to examine parents’ support to their adult children, and their motivations and feelings about it.
The sample is 40 adult children and parents from four racial/ethnic groups: African-Americans, Asian-Americans, non-Latino
Whites, and Latinos. Ideals of adult independence versus interdependence emerge as determinants of feelings about aiding adult
children. The ambivalence concept provides the means to elucidate the tensions between these ideologies and children’s structurally
shaped circumstances. Parental assistance to adult children was seen as acceptable for education, home ownership, and on behalf
of young children, especially if the child was “working hard.” Parents still provided aid, however, even if these conditions
were not met. In these situations, more intrafamilial tension characterized the aid transfer. 相似文献
16.
Eugen Fischer 《Synthese》2008,162(1):53-84
The later Wittgenstein advanced a revolutionary but puzzling conception of how philosophy ought to be practised: Philosophical
problems are not to be coped with by establishing substantive claims or devising explanations or theories. Instead, philosophical
questions ought to be treated ‘like an illness’. Even though this ‘non-cognitivism’ about philosophy has become a focus of
debate, the specifically ‘therapeutic’ aims and ‘non-theoretical’ methods constitutive of it remain ill understood. They are
motivated by Wittgenstein’s view that the problems he addresses result from misinterpretation, driven by ‘urges to misunderstand’.
The present paper clarifies this neglected concept and analyses how such ‘urges’ give rise to pseudo-problems of one particular,
hitherto little understood, kind. This will reveal ‘therapeutic’ aims reasonable and ‘non-theoretical’ methods necessary,
in one clearly delineated and important part of philosophy. I.e.: By developing a novel account of nature and genesis of one
important class of philosophical problems, the paper explains and vindicates a revolutionary reorientation of philosophical
work, at the level of both aims and methods. 相似文献
17.
Simonson L 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(4):655-658
This paper describes how the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
has chosen to integrate ethics into their curriculum. All university freshmen engineering students are introduced to ethics
through the presentation of ethical dilemmas. During this exercise, students are forced to argue both sides (‘for’ and ‘against’)
of a hypothetical ethical engineering dilemma. It provides a setting for great discussion with the desired outcome that they
learn to carefully analyze a situation before they draw conclusions. In the sophomore year, students are introduced to methods
to use the fundamental principles, the fundamental canons, and the suggested guidelines for use with the fundamental canons
of ethics when analyzing appropriate action to be taken when confronted with ethical dilemmas. We currently use the ‘sophomore’
method for seniors because the sequencing is just beginning. Next year the seniors will do more indepth analysis of ethical
case studies.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, Association for Practical and Professional
Ethics, February 24–27, 2005. 相似文献
18.
Kolar R 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):111-122
Millions of animals are used every year in oftentimes extremely painful and distressing scientific procedures. Legislation
of animal experimentation in modern societies is based on the supposition that this is ethically acceptable when certain more
or less defined formal (e.g. logistical, technical) demands and ethical principles are met. The main parameters in this context
correspond to the “3Rs” concept as defined by Russel and Burch in 1959, i.e. that all efforts to replace, reduce and refine
experiments must be undertaken.
The licensing of animal experiments normally requires an ethical evaluation process, oftentimes undertaken by ethics committees.
The serious problems in putting this idea into practice include inter alia unclear conditions and standards for ethical decisions, insufficient management of experiments undertaken for specific (e.g.
regulatory) purposes, and conflicts of interest of ethics committees’ members.
There is an ongoing societal debate about ethical issues of animal use in science. Existing EU legislation on animal experimentation
for cosmetics testing is an example of both the public will for setting clear limits to animal experiments and the need to
further critically examine other fields and aspects of animal experimentation.
This paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The Responsible Conduct of Basic
and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005.
The paper has been expanded from an article to be published in the forthcoming Council of Europe publication entitled “Animal Protection and Welfare”. 相似文献
19.
Scientific societies and research integrity: What are they doing and how well are they doing it? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Scientific societies can play an important role in promoting ethical research practices among their members, and over the
past two decades several studies have addressed how societies perform this role. This survey continues this research by examining
current efforts by scientific societies to promote research integrity among their members. The data indicate that although
many of the societies are working to promote research integrity through ethics codes and activities, they lack rigorous assessment
methods to determine the effectiveness of their efforts.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the AAAS-Office of Research Integrity (ORI) meeting in Washington DC on
the theme: “The Role and Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research Integrity” held on April 10–11, 2000. 相似文献
20.
The present study was concerned with Wason's THOG problem, a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task for which performance over
the past 20 years has typically been very poor (<20% correct). We examined the hypothesis that incorporating a quasi-visual
context into the problem statement would make both the binary, symmetric tree structure and solution principle of the THOG
task clearer and thus facilitate performance. A version of O'Brien et al.'s (Q J Exp Psychol 42A:329–351) Blackboard THOG
problem, that specifies each branch of the tree by describing a specific location for each possible color-shape combination,
was used to test this hypothesis. Substantial facilitation was both observed (68% correct) and replicated (73% correct), and
it was also shown that it is necessary to provide a representation of both sides of the tree to obtain this level of facilitation.
The implications of these results for human deductive reasoning are considered.
Received: 1 November 2000 / Accepted: 4 May 2001 相似文献