市民人格特征及其与心理健康的关系研究

为探讨南京市民人格特征及其与心理健康的关系,对南京市民进行抽样调查。结果显示南京市民的人格特征较一般人群更外向,掩饰程度较高;性别、年龄、职业以及文化程度与人格特征存在一定关系;不同人格类型的市民心理健康水平不同;年龄、情绪稳定性及内外向性对心理健康有预测作用。     

青少年创造性思维的特点及其对日常创造性行为的影响：人格的中介作用

采用言语和空间创造力测验、青少年人格问卷、中学生日常创造性行为问卷对1048名中学生施测,考查青少年创造性思维的特点,并探讨创造性思维、人格对日常创造性行为的影响.结果发现:(1)女生在言语创造力的流畅性、灵活性维度以及图形创造力各维度的得分均显著高于男生;高一年级的言语创造力流畅性、灵活性维度显著高于其他三个年级,高一年级的图形创造力质量维度显著高于初二、高二年级;(2)言语创造力与人格的开放性和外向性、语言文学、文艺表演和社会活动维度呈显著正相关.图形创造力与开放性、语言文学、文艺表演和手工技术呈显著正相关;(3)开放性和外向性在言语创造力和创造性行为之间起完全中介作用,在图形创造力上中介作用不显著.具体到创造性行为的各个领域,开放性和外向性在创造性思维和创造性行为间起着不同的作用.     

声旁部分信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用

运用匿名问卷法对811名4—6年级小学儿童施测,考察了小学儿童欺负问题与人格倾向之间的关系。结果表明：(1)小学儿童欺负他人、受欺负的发生频率与神经质水平、外向和自尊水平均存在显著相关,同时欺负他人的发生频率和精神质水平相关显著;(2)精神质、性别可以显著预测儿童欺负他人的概率,而年级、神经质、自尊和精神质可以显著预测儿童受欺负的概率。     

小学二、四年级学生注意瞬脱特征的比较研究

为测查注意瞬脱的发展特征,该研究对36名小学二年级和40名小学四年级学生的注意瞬脱特征进行全面测查。结果发现：小学二年级学生与小学四年级学生在其注意瞬脱程度、注意瞬脱持续时间、注意瞬脱的最低点上都存在非常显著的群体差异,其中又以女性小学生之间的群体差异更为显著。由此推测,小学二年级到四年级学段是注意瞬脱发展的敏感期,其中女性小学生注意瞬脱发展更为明显。     

领导-下属外向性人格匹配性与下属工作投入的关系:基于支配补偿理论

基于支配补偿理论,本研究考察领导与下属外向性人格的匹配性对下属工作投入的影响。对743对领导-下属进行配对问卷调查,在两个时间点获取调查数据。多项式回归与响应面分析表明,下属与领导外向性人格差异越大,下属工作投入水平越高。在下属与领导外向性人格存在差异的情形下,"高下属外向性、低领导外向性"组合比"低下属外向性、高领导外向性"组合,下属的工作投入水平更高。在下属与领导外向性人格一致的情形下,下属的工作投入和外向性人格存在倒U型曲线关系。研究证明了在外向性维度上领导和下属是支配互补的关系时,下属的工作投入水平更高。     

7～11岁儿童分享行为的发展

采用同伴评价、自我评价、教师评价法,考察小学一、三、五年级共128名7—11岁儿童分享行为的发展。结果发现：(1)由教师评价的小学儿童的分享行为在小学一、三年级无显著差异,从三年级到五年级,得分显著下降;学生自我评价的分享行为在一、三年级呈上升趋势,在三、五年级问呈下降趋势;(2)根据教师评价,一年级小学生在游戏分享和物品分享上的得分最高,学习分享次之,心理分享最少;对三、五年级小学生来说,游戏分享与物品分享行为逐渐退居次要位置,而让位给心理分享和学习分享行为;(3)教师对小学生分享行为的评价与学生自我评价之问有0．26的相关;教师评价与同伴提名之间有0．37的相关：而学生自我评价与同伴提名之间无显著的相关。     

中学生压力生活事件、人格特点对压力应对的影响

本研究对329名中学生进行了问卷调查,试图探讨压力生活事件,人格特点和压力应对三者之间的关系.研究发现(1)中学生的压力生活事件主要来自于学习、父母、老师和同伴、环境、自我发展和时间6个方面,其中学习压力是中学生的主要压力;(2)中学生的人格可以用五因素来描述,即外向性、宜人性、谨慎性、开放性和情绪性;(3)中学生的应对压力方式主要有主动型应对和回避型应对;(4)人格五因素中的谨慎性、开放性和宜人性对主动型应对具有正向预测作用.年级变量和人格五因素中的外向性和开放性对回避型应对既有直接影响,又通过影响压力强度对回避型应对起间接作用.     

关于场依存性－独立性与催眠感受性及性格的比较研究

对场依存性独立性认知方式与催眠感受性及Ｙ—Ｇ性格测验所评定的人格特征的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明：场依存性－独立性与催眠感受性之间不存在相关关系,提示两者为彼此独立的人格特征;在人格特质方面．场依存性者比场独立性者具有更强的社会外向性、社交活动主导性和乐天性;而场独立性者则具有较强的神经质倾向;在人格类型上,场依存性者和场独立性者均普遍表现为Ａ、Ａ’和Ｄ型,而Ｃ型则更可能是场独立性者所具有的特征;从人格类型的研究角度证明,内、外向性格与场依存性－独立性基本上分属两个不同的人格维度;场依存性－独立性与个体心理健康水平无关。     

学习品质训练与小学生人格发展的相关研究

本研究采用自编教材,对１０８名小学五年级学生进行为期一年的学习品质训练,结果表明：开设学习品质训练果,能够改善小学生的学习行为表现,有效地影响小学生人格品质的发展。     

青少年人格建构的发展

本研究以凯利的个人建构理论为理论基础,采用角色建构列表法考察512名初一至高三年级学生人格认知建构的特点和发展趋势,结果发现:(1)中学生人格建构的成对描述词,频次由高到低依次是外向—内向,志趣相同-志趣不同,认真—马虎,爱运动-不爱运动,活泼—文静,幽默—呆板,暴躁—温和,热情—冷漠,好动—好静,和蔼—严厉。(2)男女生在人格建构的描述词上存在性别差异。男生比女生更倾向于使用志趣相同-志趣不同和爱运动-不爱运动方面的差异来知觉和评价他人。(3)中学生的人格建构描述词数量,初一至初二增长较快,初二至高一增长平缓,高一至高三呈不断渐进发展的趋势。(4)男女生人格建构描述词数量的发展存在性别差异:女生人格建构的复杂性高于男生;男女生人格建构数量发展出现分化的关键期在初三到高二这一阶段。     

父母教养方式、同伴接纳和教师期望对小学生人格的影响

以2150名小学生为被试,采用问卷法,探讨父母教养方式、同伴接纳、学生知觉教师期望与小学生人格发展的关系。结果发现：（1）父母教养方式民主性正向预测小学生人格外倾性、亲社会性的发展;（2）同伴接纳分别在父母教养方式民主性与小学生人格外倾性、亲社会性之间起中介作用;（3）学生知觉教师期望消极反馈调节了中介过程的前半路径,因此,同伴接纳是有调节的中介变量。     

围棋活动对小学生智力与学习的影响研究

研究采用瑞文高级推理测验和GITC测验对围棋特色学校小学生进行智力测试并与其他学校相同年级学小生进行比较,同时比较4组高年级被试的语文、数学成绩,结果表明下围棋具有很好的益智作用:从事围棋活动能促进小学生总体智力水平的发展,还能促进学生学习成绩的提高,而对数学成绩的促进尤其明显。     

Elementary School Counselors in California

The number, school location, academic preparation and experience, and functions and duties of “elementary school counselors” in California were studied. Questionnaires were answered by 175 counselors, 118 elementary school principals, and 312 teachers in schools employing counselors. The number of children in the participating schools was 133,125, or five per cent of all pupils in grades K-8 in the State. Counselors reported that they spent 50 per cent of their time working with pupils, 17 per cent with teachers, 10 per cent with administrators, 12 per cent with parents, and 11 per cent with probation, welfare, and other officials. The counselors and the principals generally agreed on the rank order of importance of the functions of elementary school counselors and on the most important skills and personality characteristics counselors should have. The teachers reported that counselors gave them most help by testing individual pupils, counseling with pupils, helping them with classroom problems, and participating in parent conferences. Elements of an ideal counseling program at the district and school level as well as deficiencies in present programs were described by the respondents.     

Communicator Image and Myers—Briggs Type Indicator Extraversion—Introversion

This study is an examination of the relationship between communicator image and Myers—Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) dimensions of extraversion—introversion. The authors found that individuals who prefer extraversion tend to have a more positive communicator image than those who prefer introversion. The results of this study support other research results showing that personality preferences differ in communication behaviors and traits, which could have implications for the individual's comfort and success in society. Results of this research also support the contention that communication behavior has biological aspects.     

The Legitimacy of Elementary School Counseling: Some Unresolved Issues and Conflicts

The increased expansion of counseling services at the elementary school level has had few critics, for the services are long overdue and desperately needed. Three factors seem to have escaped close scrutiny by most members of the guidance profession. First, all too often the training, preparation, and models of elementary counselors are those originally devised for secondary school pupils and seem grossly inadequate for elementary age children. Second, there is a serious lack of both theory and research at the elementary level and this raises serious questions as to direction and methodology. Third, the problem of role conflict is heightened at the elementary level and raises serious questions regarding the success of guidance policies and programs. It is suggested that only an immediate increase in interest, research and theory by counselor educators can save elementary guidance from falling into the hands of other disciplines or school administrators.     

Five‐Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Importance of Agreeableness in a Tight and Collectivistic Asian Society

Results from predominantly US‐based research have shown that personality can partly explain job satisfaction. As the issue of globalisation grows in importance for organisations, I researched in this study whether meta‐analytic findings on the relationships between job satisfaction and the Big Five personality traits extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism would hold in a tight and collectivistic Asian society. Additionally, I expected that in a tight and collectivistic society the personality trait agreeableness would have a strong positive relationship with job satisfaction. Study participants were 354 employees from organisations in Singapore. Results confirmed that extraversion, conscientiousness, non‐neuroticism (emotional stability), and also agreeableness were related to job satisfaction. The study advises scholars and practitioners that even in a tight and collectivistic Asian society—despite situations that demand abiding by norms and fulfilling obligations—job satisfaction is related to stable personality traits.     

Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with measures of the five-factor model of personality

The need for a comprehensive model of personality traits acceptable to the entire community of personality researches has often been acknowledged. In this article, two such models are compared. Eysenck scales measuring neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism and lie are correlated with self-report and peer-rating measures of the five-factor model—neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness—in a sample of adult men and women. Findings suggest that: (1) neuroticism and extraversion factors from the two systems match well; (2) sociability and impulsivity are distinguishable traits, but both fall within the broad domain of extraversion; (3) the EPI L scale measures aspects of several substantive traits rather than a response bias; (4) openness to experience is not well-represented in the Eysenck system; and (5) psychoticism corresponds most closely to the low poles of agreeableness and conscientiousness.     

Is she the one? Personality judgments from online personal advertisements

The authors examined the linguistic cues that inform personality judgments from online personal advertisements, and whether these judgments are accurate. Advertisers reported their personality, and 2 sets of naïve judges—including one that was seeking a romantic partner—rated advertisers' personality after reading their ads. Judges' impressions of extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability—3 traits that are strongly desired in a romantic partner—were influenced by particular lexical cues, such as word count, emotionality, and profanity. Both sets of judges formed accurate impressions for extraversion, but not other traits. These findings suggest that online daters use linguistic cues to judge the desirability of a potential romantic partner's personality, but that the impressions driven by these cues are not always accurate.     

青少年人格、人口学变量与主观幸福感的关系模型

采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取了379名中学生和大学生样本,在多元相关分析的基础上,结合文献分析,采用结构方程建模技术,探讨了我国青少年学生人口学变量、人格维度和主观幸福感(SWB)的结构关系。结果表明,人口学变量中的年级和经济状况变量既与SWB有直接的关系,又通过大五人格中的神经质维度或外倾性维度对SWB有间接的效应,其中,经济状况对主观幸福感的正面效应较大,而性别和城乡变量则仅通过神经质和外倾性对SWB有微弱的间接效应;大五人格维度中,宜人性与SWB没有显著关系,开放性和严谨性通过神经质或外倾性与SWB存在间接效应,神经质和外倾性则对SWB有较强的直接预测力;结构方程模型验证了人格、人口学变量与SWB的这种关系。     

Burnout in School Psychology

This study examined levels of bumout and relationships between burnout and selected personality characteristics and role expectations in a sample of school psychologists employed as practitioners in school settings. The results indicated that personality variables related significantly to burnout over and above demographic and work condition variables. Higher levels of burnout were associated with tendencies to be high in competitiveness and egocentricity and low in conscientiousness and extraversion. Professionals who reported higher levels of burnout indicated greater dissatisfaction with their professional roles, preferring to devote more time to consultation and counseling activities. The implications for research and practice are discussed.