On Art and Intention

The author discusses a puzzle about the place of intention in art, a puzzle first articulated by Richard Wollheim in his well-known lecture 'On Drawing an Object'. The puzzle arises if we try to hold jointly three commonly-held claims, viz. (1) Art is intentional; (2) The artist, in making a work of art, needs to observe what he has done, in order to know what he has done; (3) A necessary condition of intentional action is that when an agent acts intentionally then he knows what he is (intentionally) doing without observation, or any need for it. Prima facie it would appear that we cannot hold all these claims together.
The author spells out the problem, discusses Wollheim's own solution to it (which he rejects) and seeks to dispel the puzzle by closer attention to intention and action in relation to artistic production.     

论福柯与遥远的古希腊时代

福柯区分了司法型权力和规训型权力.他指出规训型权力建构了一个涉及社会各方面的严格"规范".人们在这种"规范"下,虽然看似有一系列的自由,但是实质依旧无法获得自主性.因此,我们需要重申古代精神.在古代的语境下,各个层级和身处不同年龄阶段的公民,对自己有严格的规范.他们表面上是被束缚的,但是在这种自我约束后,却是由于他们真正的自由.并能由此发展出一种健康的社会构架.