慢性乙型肝炎治疗目标及策略解析

慢性乙型肝炎治疗的目标是最大限度地长期持续抑制或清除乙肝病毒,减轻肝细胞炎症坏死及其所致的肝纤维化,延缓疾病进展,减少肝硬化、原发性肝细胞癌及其并发症的发生.治疗措施包括核苷类似物抗病毒治疗;干扰素抗病毒治疗;免疫调节治疗;抗炎治疗和抗纤维化治疗,其中抗病毒治疗是关键.     

HBV相关肝细胞癌综合治疗中抗病毒的作用

分析抗病毒治疗在乙型肝炎病毒相关肝细胞癌的综合治疗中所起的作用.随着肝细胞癌治疗模式的转变,目前认为抗HBV治疗是HCC综合治疗的重要组成部分,应针对患者进行个体化、优化的多学科综合治疗,选择合适的高效、低耐药、低副作用的抗病毒药物,才能达到提高患者生活质量和延长生存时间的目的.     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的策略

抗病毒治疗是慢性乙型肝炎治疗的关键,有效的抗乙型肝炎病毒药物主要有干扰素和核苷（酸）类似物。单药抗病毒治疗可获得较好的疗效,便于监测、管理;联合抗病毒治疗增加抗病毒疗效尚难肯定,更无法避免耐药发生,并可导致多药耐药、增加药物副作用和治疗费用。因此,优选单药进行抗病毒治疗才是目前理想的方案。     

HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗药物的比较

抗病毒治疗是慢性乙型肝炎治疗的关键。目前抗乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）药物主要有两大类,本文从抗病毒治疗的适应症、禁忌症、治疗效果、耐药性、依从性和治疗费用等方面对现有抗HBV药物进行了比较和分析,认为在选择抗HBV药物时,应遵循规范化与个体化相结合的原则,在患者能承受的费用范围内,尽量选择抗病毒作用强、耐药率低、耐受性良好的药物。     

治疗慢性乙肝必须要打"持久战"——乙肝防治刍议(二)

目前治疗乙肝尚无能够根治性的特效药物问世 ,治疗的最佳策略是以抗病毒为核心 ,以抗肝纤维化、免疫调整及保肝护肝等为辅助的联合治疗 ,基于乙肝病毒的生物特点及慢性肝炎肝脏损害病理情况 ,决定了乙肝治疗必须循序渐进地打好“持久战” ,任何“毕其功于一役”的作法都是不客观的、不可取的。1　目前尚无根除乙肝病毒的灵丹妙药问世 ,药物虽多 ,仅能起到对乙肝病毒的抑制作用 ,只有长期用药 ,使病毒长期被抑制、复制环节逐渐被破坏 ,才有可能彻底清除乙肝病毒治疗乙肝的目的是 :清除病毒、抑制肝脏炎症和恢复肝功能 ,防止进展为肝硬化和减…     

NADPH氧化酶及其抑制剂在心血管领域中的研究进展

还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶(NOX)是体内氧化还原信号的关键酶。NOX在心血管系统中的功能是生成活性氧(ROS),ROS可调控心肌细胞肥大、凋亡、纤维化,最终导致心力衰竭的发生。研究发现NOX家族蛋白有7种亚型,有4种在心血管系统表达。此外NOX在抗菌、抗炎和氧化还原信号转导中均发挥重要作用,已成为抗氧化应激、炎症、纤维化的新的干预或治疗靶点。由于NOX家族各亚型分布及激活机制不同,明确其作用及抑制剂对抗氧化的治疗具有重要意义。本文分别对NOX家族的分类、作用以及其抑制剂的研究进展进行概述和总结。     

对肝硬化研究方向的反思

对肝硬化研究方向的反思第三军医大学大坪医院研究生（６３００４２）陈东风导师刘为纹，冷恩仁从肝硬化发生、发展过程知道，肝纤维化是慢性肝病发展成肝硬化的必经之路，而且它是可逆转的最后阶段。因此，研究肝纤维化是攻克肝硬化的突破口。肝细胞外各种基质成分的结构...     

客观地看待慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗

乙肝病毒(HBV)感染是我国肝硬化和肝癌的主要致病因子,因此抗HBV治疗十分重要.但是,由于对抗HBV的治疗现状不够了解,不少人在盲目追求彻底清除体内的HBV,以至于弄巧成拙,所以,有必要客观地看待慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗,以求得到最佳的治疗效果.     

慢性乙型肝炎的联合抗病毒治疗

抗病毒治疗是控制乙型肝炎病原进而防止肝硬化、肝癌等并发症的重要手段。就目前的抗病毒药物而言,单一药物的疗效不能令人满意,越来越多的研究数据表明联合抗病毒治疗,包括干扰素α和核苷（酸）类似物联合治疗以及两种核苷（酸）类似物联合治疗可以减少耐药发生,提高抗病毒疗效。联合抗病毒治疗可能是控制乙肝的有效策略,值得进一步研究。     

乙肝抗病毒治疗存在的问题及其对策

对乙肝的治疗,抗病毒是核心和关键,但抗病毒治疗自身存在着诸多问题:费用高、疗程长、疗效有限、治疗时机和条件难以掌控;药物有潜在或者明确的不良反应;医患认知不足;疗效评价极端化;治疗中不可预测因素的干扰等。通过细致的分析,探讨了乙肝治疗中的难点,并针对这些问题和难点就未来乙肝的治疗提出了一些有益的建议。     

通过打破抗原特异性T细胞免疫耐受控制慢性HBV感染

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染诱导机体抗病毒免疫应答,若不能对病毒有效清除,体内抗原特异的CTL降低,出现抗原特异性T细胞免疫耐受,造成慢性肝脏炎症。分析HBV感染时抗原特异性T细胞免疫耐受机制,并通过打破免疫耐受预防HBV感染。     

箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗的理论背景与临床实践

心理咨询与治疗领域出现了整合的趋势,将箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗是这一趋势下的成功尝试。箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗的理论背景是家庭治疗与游戏治疗的整合以及箱庭疗法在团体治疗中的应用。箱庭疗法应用于家庭治疗的临床实践包括家庭评估、家庭治疗、夫妻治疗、家庭治疗师督导,这些临床实践的开展为儿童青少年心理咨询与治疗方法的发展提供了有益的启示。     

A Current Review of the Behavioral Frame of Reference and Its Application to Occupational Therapy

The historical roots and current trends in behavior therapy and their relationship to psychiatric occupational therapy are reviewed. Key concepts in behavior therapy are defined, case study examples in various psychiatric disorders are cited and examples of applying behavior therapy to occupational therapy are described. Social skills training and a model for developing an occupational therapy program to decrease stress based on the principles of behavior therapy are outlined.     

The cost of treating substance use disorders: individual versus family therapy

This study examined the cost of substance use disorders treatment in a large healthcare organization. A survival analysis demonstrated that family therapy utilised the least number of sessions (M = 2.41) when treating substance use disorders followed by individual therapy (M = 3.38) and mixed therapy (M = 6.40). Family therapy was the least costly of the three types, at $124.55 per episode of care for a client, with individual therapy costing $170.22 and mixed therapy $319.55. The ratio of family therapists utilising family therapy was more than three to one compared to other licensed professionals. The percentages of clients coming back for more than one episode of care are fewest for family therapy (8.9%) followed by mixed therapy (9.5%) and individual therapy (12.0%).     

冠脉介入治疗应用存在的问题及应对策略

冠脉介入治疗是近几十年来发展迅速的一种治疗方法,使用该技术的数量在不断增长,但同时也存在着过度使用的情况。患者的主观意愿、医生过度追求经济效益、介入治疗适应证扩大等是其主要原因。加强宣传教育、完善卫生管理制度,提高医生职业道德修养、制定严格的冠脉介入治疗指南才能科学合理地应用介入治疗造福冠心病患者。     

冠心病介入治疗过度应用的分析和对策

介入治疗是冠心病治疗的重要进展和手段之一,可以改善急性心肌梗死患者的生存率.但目前也出现了过度使用的问题.冠心病本身的特点、医生对冠心病治疗认识不全面和现行医疗制度的不合理部分是其产生原因;建立正确的冠心病诊治策略,深入改革医疗体制,加强医师职业道德培养,同时注意辩证分析过度医疗才能科学合理的应用介入治疗造福冠心病患者.     

The play's the thing how the essential processes of therapy are seen most clearly in child therapy

Analytic child therapy techniques developed as modifications of techniques from adult psychoanalysis. Child therapy continues to be regarded as an adaptation of adult analysis and to give a central place to the methods and conditions of adult analysis, such as interpretation, in its understanding of how therapy heals. I propose that child therapy is not a modified form of therapy and that the essential processes of therapy are fully present in child therapy. In fact, they often may be seen more clearly there than in adult therapy. I suggest two interrelated processes as the essential ones in all analytic therapy. The first is play. I examine several interrelated aspects of play, specifically as they occur in child therapy. These include the emergence and integration of dissociated self‐states, symbolization, and recognition. The second process I propose as essential in analytic therapy is the renegotiation of self—other relationships through action. This renegotiation is what can help patients become able to play in therapy when they have difficulty doing so. Since I suggest that action is at the heart of analytic therapy, I go on to consider the role of talking in an action therapy. Finally, I explore the dimensions of mutuality in the relationship between child and therapist, including mutual influence and regulation, mutual recognition, and mutual regression. The intersubjective nature of psychotherapy, which is increasingly appreciated in adult analytic therapy but not in child therapy, provides a fertile context for the evolution of play and for the productive renegotiation of self—other relationships.     

心理治疗两种范式的对立及其整合

心理治疗有两种不同的范式:科学主义治疗范式和人文主义治疗范式。前者主要由行为疗法和认知—行为疗法的诸种治疗形式所构成;后者则包括当事人中心疗法、存在疗法等。两种范式在人性观、心理诊断、治疗关系、治疗方法和治疗目的等方面存在着明显的对立。对此进行分析,并提出两者整合的构思,以期裨益于心理治疗实践。     

Costs of Treating Conduct Disordered Medicaid Youth with and without Family Therapy

This longitudinal, retrospective study investigated the healthcare costs of youth treated for conduct disorder in the Kansas Medicaid system. Along with a comprehensive range of services, youth received in-office individual therapy, in-office family therapy, or in-home family therapy. Data was available for 3753 youth. Overall, 3086 youth received care that included individual therapy (and no family therapy), 503 received in-home family therapy and 164 others received in-office family therapy. Healthcare costs for a period of two and one half years after therapy were available for analysis. The average cost of healthcare for youth receiving no family therapy was $16, 260. For those receiving in-office family therapy, the average cost was $11,116. Youth who received in-office family therapy received $5,144 (32%) less care on average than those receiving only individual therapy. Those who received in-home family therapy averaged $1,622 over the follow-up the period. Those who received in-home family therapy were least expensive of all, averaging at least 85% less than any form of in-office therapy. There does not appear to be an increase in the healthcare cost when family therapy is included in treatment.