青年马克思思想中的特殊性和普遍性概念——以所有制为视角

在青年马克思思想中,社会要素(等级、阶级和现实个人)的特殊性和普遍性规定与所有制范畴有根本的关联。马克思将特殊性和普遍性的统一"地点"放在特殊性范畴之上,并从社会生产资料所有制的角度来理解社会等级、阶级和现实个人的特殊性和普遍性属性,揭示社会权力的不均衡分配,以及由此导致的虚幻的普遍性和不充分的特殊性的本质,深刻地确立了真正的普遍性的内涵及其与特殊性的关系。专题阐述青年马克思的这些观点,能够彰显马克思哲学对于解释当代社会现实的有效性和深刻性。     

新生儿科临床基本观念与辩证法

新生儿科学相对于儿科学具有特殊性,其临床应把握好可能性和现实性、原因和结果、现象与本质,内容与形式、量变和质变、偶然性和必然性、普遍性和特殊性的辨证关系,树立预防、全局、精确和先天等四个基本观念.     

中国穆斯林商业道德的形成特点及其作用

商业道德是在商业活动中普遍存在的行为规范和价值观念。穆斯林的商业道德既有普遍性特点,又存在特殊性规定。这种特殊性是因为其形成过程中受到多种文化的影响,所以表现出神圣性和现实性、原则性和灵活性、自律规范与契约规范相结合的特点。本文就对穆斯林商业道德的形成原因和其特点进行探讨与总结。     

儒家伦理与公民道德教育

儒家伦理既有它的特殊性,又有它的普遍性。儒家伦理中的特殊性一面是我们应批判和抛弃的;而其普遍性的常道,又是我们可以继承、用来进行公民道德教育的资源,但必须与当今社会相结合,赋予它新的内容、新的形式和新的时代精神。     

文化与人格关系研究综述

文化影响人格发展。在影响人格的因素中,普遍性因素与文化特殊性因素共存。文化的维度,有复杂性、紧密性、个体主义和集体主义等。许多文献提到在不同的文化中均出现大五人格。然而我们仍然需要谨慎,因为对普遍性的大多数研究并不包括文化特殊性的特质,也不研究那些与西方文化范例有绝对差异的样本。     

从古代自然观和思维方式看中医舌诊的特殊性

舌诊是中医学颇具特色的诊法之一.与西医相比较,舌诊在中医学中具有特殊性、丰富性和重要性等特点,它作为一种特殊的诊断方法能够长期存在,必然有它存在的特殊原因和依据,对其进行历史文化根源的探索就是寻找这种特殊性的必要途径.     

论儒家伦理道德的普遍性与特殊性——以北宋理学家吕大临的思想的个案分析为例

本文试图以北宋理学家吕大临的思想的个案分析为例,探讨儒家伦理道德的普遍性与特殊性。文章通过对吕大临思想中的“性”、“仁”、“理义”、“天理”、“时中”等观念的解析,讨论了吕大临对儒家“道德法则”的普遍性和特殊性的看法以及他在处理两者之间关系方面的观点。     

从古代自然观和思维方式看中医舌诊的特殊性

舌诊是中医学颇具特色的诊法之一。与西医相比较,舌诊在中医学中具有特殊性、丰富性和重要性等特点,它作为一种特殊的诊断方法能够长期存在,必然有它存在的特殊原因和依据,对其进行历史文化根源的探索就是寻找这种特殊性的必要途径。     

佛教“共相”与“殊相”的全面展示——《世界佛教通史》书评

正佛教的产生、发展与传播,具有鲜明的地域性、民族性特点。这是佛教的特殊性表现或"殊相"。除此之外,佛教还有佛教之为佛教的本质性规定,也就是佛教的普遍性内涵。这是佛教的"共相"。"共相"与"殊相",是西方哲学中的术语,中国古代哲学中通常用"一"与"多"来表示。到了马克思主义哲学产生以后,汉语翻译中则通常用"普遍性"与"特殊性"来概括。"普遍性寓于特殊性之     

我国青少年道德判断的发展及其相关因素研究

本研究通过对我国青少年的道德判断及其相关因素的调查,进一步探索了道德发展的普遍性与特殊性问题,教育与年龄的作用问题,以及道德判断与认知社会因素的关系等问题。结果表明,我国青少年的道德判断的发展趋势与其他国家和地区的青少年有较大差异,从而倾向于支持“文化特殊性”观点。此外,研究还发现,地区经济和文化发展状况、青少年受教育程度、学习成绩、校内同伴关系和家庭经济状况与道德判断水平有一定的关系。     

“On the Move” or “Staying Put”: Locomotion,Need for Closure,and Reactions to Organizational Change1

Four studies conducted in various organizations in Italy, employing contemporaneous and longitudinal designs, tested hypotheses relating 2 personality constructs—need for cognitive closure ( Kruglanski & Webster, 1996 ) and locomotion tendency ( Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003 ; Kruglanski et al., 2000 )—to individuals’ ability to successfully cope with organizational change. Across diverse organizational settings, populations studied, types of organizational change implemented, and measures of coping with change, we found that need for closure was negatively related, and locomotion tendency was positively related, to coping with change. We also found that the negative relation between need for closure and coping was attenuated where organizational climate is supportive of change, and that degree of successful coping with change determines post‐change work attitudes.     

Bayesian change-point analysis reveals developmental change in a classic theory of mind task

Although learning and development reflect changes situated in an individual brain, most discussions of behavioral change are based on the evidence of group averages. Our reliance on group-averaged data creates a dilemma. On the one hand, we need to use traditional inferential statistics. On the other hand, group averages are highly ambiguous when we need to understand change in the individual; the average pattern of change may characterize all, some, or none of the individuals in the group. Here we present a new method for statistically characterizing developmental change in each individual child we study. Using false-belief tasks, fifty-two children in two cohorts were repeatedly tested for varying lengths of time between 3 and 5 years of age. Using a novel Bayesian change point analysis, we determined both the presence and—just as importantly—the absence of change in individual longitudinal cumulative records. Whenever the analysis supports a change conclusion, it identifies in that child’s record the most likely point at which change occurred. Results show striking variability in patterns of change and stability across individual children. We then group the individuals by their various patterns of change or no change. The resulting patterns provide scarce support for sudden changes in competence and shed new light on the concepts of “passing” and “failing” in developmental studies.     

CAN SCIENCE AND RELIGION RESPOND TO CLIMATE CHANGE?

With the challenge of communicating climate science in the United States and making progress in international negotiations on climate change there is a need for other approaches. The moral issues of ecological degradation and climate justice need to be integrated into social consciousness, political legislation, and climate treaties. Both science and religion can contribute to this integration with differentiated language but shared purpose. Recognizing the limits of both science and religion is critical to finding a way forward for addressing the critical challenges of climate change. How we value nature and human–Earth relations is crucial to this. We need a broader environmental ethics in dialogue with the science of climate change.     

Postdigital We-Learn

Studies in Philosophy and Education - This paper examines relationships between learning and technological change and argues that we urgently need new ways to approach what it means to learn in the...     

“We Must Be the Change We Want to See in the World”: Integrating Norms and Identities through Social Interaction

In this article, we propose a social psychological mechanism for the formation of new social change movements. Here, we argue that social change follows the emergence of shared injunctive social norms that define new collective identities, and we systematically spell out the nature of the processes through which this comes about. We propose that these norms and identities are created and negotiated through validating communication about a normative conflict; resulting in an identity‐norm nexus (INN), whereby people become the change they want to see in the world. We suggest that injunctive norms are routinely negotiated, validated, and integrated with shared identity in order to create the potential to effect change in the world. Norms and identities need not be integrated or connected in this way, but the power of social actors to form new social movements to bring about sociopolitical change will tend to be severely limited unless they can bring about the integration of identity and action.     

Theory-Based Health Behavior Change: Developing, Testing, and Applying Theories for Evidence-Based Interventions

Theories are needed to explain and predict health behavior, as well as for the design and evaluation of interventions. Although there has been a history of developing, testing, applying, and refining health behavior theories, debates and limitations in evidence exist: The component of theories which, for example, predicts change should be better elaborated so that we can more easily understand what actually drives behavior change. Theories need to be empirically testable in two ways. Theories need to specify a set of changeable predictors to describe, explain, and predict behavior change, and they should enable us to design an effective intervention that produces exactly those changes in behavior that are predicted by the relevant theory. To make this possible, theories need to be specified in such a way that they can be rigorously tested and falsified. Moreover, for the design of theory-based interventions it must be possible to derive change techniques from the theory and to use them to generate changes in behavior. Based on eight state-of-the-science articles that make conceptual and empirical contributions to the current debate on health behavior theories, various approaches are discussed to gain further insights into explaining and changing health behaviors and the iterative process of theory development.     

How to Cook Rice: A Review of Ingredients for Teaching anti‐Prejudice

There is a pressing need to address prejudice, racism, and discrimination against marginalised groups in Australia. This involves change from the structural to the individual level. In this article, we discuss the merits of individual anti‐prejudice mechanisms within the Australian context. First, we expand on nine mechanisms described in a previous paper and then review five new mechanisms. We conclude that while some mechanisms are likely to be useful regardless of location, others need to be tailored to the local context. We also conclude that effective interventions need to utilise multiple mechanisms. It is hoped that the synthesis of the different mechanisms provided here will assist anti‐prejudice researchers, practitioners, and policymakers striving to improve relations among different groups in our society.     

Identity,practice and dialogue

Identities are constructed and contested. This means they may be re‐worked to support more inclusive visions of who belongs and on what basis. However, identity construction does not take place in a vacuum, and social psychological analyses of change need to address the contextual dynamics that shape the processes and outcomes of dialogue. This requires attention to processes of power. Furthermore, we need to consider minority group members' understandings of these processes. From the perspective of the disadvantaged, dialogue may be experienced as disempowering because it is viewed as compromising group members' capacities to organize themselves to pursue strategies of social change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An integrative framework on the impact of allies: How identity-based needs influence intergroup solidarity and social movements

What impact do advantaged group allies have within social movements? Although solidarity between advantaged and disadvantaged group members is often encouraged to achieve long-term social change, allies run the risk of being ineffective or counterproductive, therefore making it important to shift our focus towards understanding the impact of allies. We propose an integrative theoretical framework describing the positive and negative impact of allies based on their distinct identity-based needs: advantaged group members’ need for moral acceptance and disadvantaged group members’ need for empowerment and respect. By consolidating extant literature and identifying gaps in prior research, we propose a set of hypotheses concerning (a) tensions that arise within intergroup solidarity efforts for social change between advantaged group allies and disadvantaged group members, and (b) the role of allies in influencing broader public opinion to advance the psychology of social change.     

近距离的鞭挞与远距离的哲思

面对当今"人造美女"的现象,仅有批评的激愤与学术睿智是不够的,更需要哲人式的深刻与从容.今后人们需要改变的是既定的认知观念,而不是"医疗美容"所代表的新的心理、社会层面的服务诉求.