The Fascination of Wisdom: Its Nature, Ontogeny, and Function

ABSTRACT— Wisdom has intrigued both scholars and laypersons since antiquity. On the one hand, its seemingly ethereal yet obvious qualities are timeless and universal. On the other hand, these same qualities are evolving and responsive to historical and cultural change. Novel societal and personal dilemmas emerge over time, and the ways and means to deal with recurring dilemmas are revisited and updated with prudence. Building on philosophical analyses of the role of theoretical and practical wisdom in good conduct and judgment about life matters, psychologists have begun to apply scientific methods to questions about the nature, function, and ontogeny of wisdom. We outline these research directions and focus on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, which was one of the first attempts to bring wisdom into the laboratory. Future research on wisdom would profit from interdisciplinary collaboration and creative application of new methods drawn from developmental, social, and cognitive psychology.     

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and Its Junior Versions

In this article the author describes the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and its junior versions, the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) and the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ). Development of the tests is described briefly. Reliabilities and validities of the tests are covered, with attention to applications in educational, clinical, and occupational settings.     

性善:一种引导性的概念--孟子性善论的哲学意蕴与方法内涵

长期以来,学术界把孟子的性善观念理解为一种先验性的学说,但是,本文认为。先验／经验的范畴归属于认知性的哲学(cognitive philosophy),其论证功能更多的指向理论。而不是规范。而孟子的性善说却以对于“以故言性”的认知性的人性理论的批判为其出发点,后者所导致的理论结果往往是“以情才代性”,也就说,认知性的人性论触及的总是“情”与“才”,而不是真正的“性”。而孟子本人的性善论不是对于人性所表现出来的经验性事实的理论解释,其功能主要是规范性的,可以将之理解为一种引导性(orientative)的概念,它的主旨不在于获得某种知识理论,而是在实现人与世界的某种转化。     

小学儿童的尊重观念及其发展

以开放式尊重观念问卷对小学三到六年级儿童进行集体施测研究儿童的尊重观念,结果发现：(1)小学儿童认为尊重就是有礼貌,尊重对象的特征和尊重原因都是要求对方品质好或学习好。尊重的对象既有长辈又有同辈,提到尊重同辈的显著多于只尊重长辈的。不同的人际背景下,儿童的尊重观念不一致。(2)小学儿童的尊重观念具有显著的发展特征,表现出从单向尊重到双向尊重的发展趋势。不同人际关系下的尊重观念的发展特征不同,对父母和老师的尊重主要为单向尊重,对朋友的尊重主要为双向尊重。(3)小学儿童的尊重观念具有显著的性别差异。     

"历史之谜"与自然哲学:马克思主义的探讨

黑格尔哲学的辩证法和费尔巴哈哲学的唯物主义 ,是马克思主义哲学的直接理论来源。恩格斯在谈及创立新世界观的工作时说 :“马克思和我 ,可以说是从德国唯心主义哲学中拯救了自觉的辩证法并且把它转为唯物主义的自然观和历史观的唯一的人。”① 这就是说 ,马克思主义在哲学领域中进行变革的实质 ,是使辩证法与唯物论、自然观与历史观得到完整的统一 ,而“自然”与“历史”成为马克思主义哲学的两个核心范畴。马克思解开“历史之谜”从马克思主义哲学的形成过程来看 ,马克思在吸取黑格尔辩证法以后 ,把创立新哲学的突破口选在解开“历史之谜…     

世界历史理论:唯物史观研究的焦点

20世纪 90年代以来 ,随着电子信息技术的突飞猛进与全球化的深入 ,世界范围内经济文化落后的民族国家对各自现代化道路的探索与反思 ,马克思的世界历史理论日益受到学界的关注 ,并成为唯物史观研究中的一个焦点。现就研究马克思世界历史理论的几个主要问题作一简要述评。一、关     

试论社会历史规律和自然规律

从古希腊神话故事中的命运女神,到基督教神学关于上帝决定历史,再到维科、康德和黑格尔等关于“天神旨意”、“自然的意图”和“理性的狡黠”,尽管都没有科学地揭示出人类社会历史的内在规律,但都以不同形式承认了社会历史规律的存在。可以说,在19世纪下半叶之前,关于人类社会历史是有规律的思想一直是占主导地位的历史观。但是,在马克思之前,人们普遍认为社会历史规律是绝对必然性,人在这种必然性面前是无能为力、束手无策的。如黑格尔的历史哲学,就具有浓厚的宿命论色彩。     

The Motive for Sensory Pleasure: Enjoyment of Nature and Its Representation in Painting,Music, and Literature

ABSTRACT Eight studies assessed the motive for sensory pleasure (MSP) involving a general disposition to enjoy and pursue pleasant nature‐related experiences and avoid unpleasant nature‐related experiences. The stated enjoyment of pleasant sights, smells, sounds, and tactile sensations formed a unitary construct that was distinct from sensation seeking, novelty preference, and need for cognition. MSP was found to be related to (a) enjoyment of pleasant nature scenes and music of high but not low clarity; (b) enjoyment of writings that portrayed highly detailed nature scenes; (c) enjoyment of pleasantly themed paintings and dislike of unpleasant paintings, as distinct from findings with Openness to Experience; (d) choice of pleasant nature scenes over exciting or intellectually stimulating scenes; (e) view duration and memory of artistically rendered quilts; (f) interest in detailed information about nature scenes; and (g) frequency of sensory‐type suggestions for improvement of a museum exhibit.     

佛教的“中道”观念及其思想渊源

本文对佛教哲学中的重要观念——“中道”进行了专门研究。重点考察了这一观念在早期佛教和大乘佛教中的表现形态。认为早期佛教虽讲“中道”，但在实际处理许多问题时往往不能把其作为原则较彻底地执行；大乘佛教的“中道”观念在早期大乘经、中观派、瑜伽行派中都有表现，但在理论上的发展高峰是在中观派中，“中道”在中观派中真正成为佛教学说中的核心观念。文章重点要表明的是：佛教的“中道”观念虽然是在否定或批驳与该教并行发展的其他派别的不同观点的过程中形成的，但这一观念在思想渊源上又与其他派别(特别是婆罗门教)的哲学思想有关联。佛教在吸收吠陀及奥义书中婆罗门教有关思想的基础上，把与“中道”有关的思想材料加以归纳、提炼，使之成为一种引人注目的思维方式。     

疾病的哲学思考——坦然和平静地对待疾病

面对人类无法改变与疾病共存的命运,本文从健康与疾病的关系、疾病的原因、疾病的话语、对待疾病的态度和利用疾病的契机五个方面来进行哲学追问和反思.以期使我们通过倾听身体的语言,来坦然、自然和平静地对待疾病;利用疾病的契机,获得身心的成长,使人类的生命在亘古的绵延中永远充盈着盎然的生机.     

International Test Commission: Its History,Current Status,and Future Directions

The history of the International Test Commission (ITC) is described beginning with its conception by Jean Cardinet in the mid-1960s, its birth in 1976, through the year 2000. The article describes the context for the ITC's origin by briefly reviewing the history of test development and use, identifies the ITC's goals, reviews major milestones that are consistent with its goals, and suggests ways the ITC may continue its efforts to positively impact test development and use internationally. The article also helps inaugurate the first issue of the ITC's International Journal of Testing.     

The Nature of Satisfaction With Subordinates: Its Predictors and Importance to Supervisors

Two studies examined supervisors' satisfaction with subordinates, and its predictors and importance to supervisors. Study 1 found entity relationships in the form of similarity between supervisors' and subordinates' values were uniquely related to satisfaction with subordinates. Liking of subordinates (from LMX theory) appears to link leadership and job-satisfaction domains. In Study 2, entity relationships, functional relationships, and job performance of subordinates were related to supervisors' satisfaction with subordinates. Functional relationships were the strongest and job performance the next strongest predictors. Performance was related moderately to similarity of supervisors' and subordinates' values and functional relationships. Satisfaction with subordinates was not related to supervisors' global satisfaction and turnover intention in either study, suggesting that subordinates may not be very important to supervisors.     

Grace in Nature and History: Luther's Doctrine of Creation Revisited1

Abstract: Interpreting Luther's Trinitarian theology of creation, it is shown how Luther's doctrine of creation is modelled on his soteriology. In his writing Against Latomus(1521) Luther established his famous distinction between the external grace of God (favor dei) and the divine gift (donom): the living Christ. A similar distinction can be re‐constructed from Luther's theology of creation as presented in his catechisms, sermons, tracts, and exegetical writings. Just as Luther makes a distinction between the Christ who takes side for us within God, and the Christ who is dwelling in the heart of the believer, Luther makes a the distinction between the fatherly love toward humankind (benevolentia), and the Father, Son and Spirit, who are at work from within the life of the creatures in God's blessing (benedictio). There is an implicit notion of a pater pro nobis and a pater in nobis, which reflects, in the order of creation, the classic distinction between Christus pro nobis and Christus in nobis. According to Luther's theology of the Eucharist and divine blessing, there exists a union between God and creature, which has a similar structure as the union between Christ and believer. There are distinctions to be drawn as well as correlations to be seen between the order of creation and the order of salvation.     

服务破坏行为：概念、测量与相关变量

服务破坏行为是指服务行业组织成员在向顾客提供服务的过程中,故意做出的对服务造成负面影响的行为,也是以往研究中关于工作场所中的破坏行为在服务行业中的体现;服务破坏行为的表现主要有四种类型：习惯且私下的服务破坏,习惯且公开的服务破坏,偶发且私下的服务破坏,偶发且公开的服务破坏;服务破坏行为的测量方法主要有：访谈法,问卷调查法和情景投射法;从个人、群体、组织与环境四个水平分析服务破坏行为的前因变量,从对个体、服务绩效及组织绩效三个方面探讨服务破坏行为的结果变量;该领域未来的研究应着重于进一步改进测量的方法,分析相关变量之间的作用机制,寻求控制服务破坏行为的有效对策,拓展视野,进一步扩大研究中被试的类型及行业领域