对以边沁、密尔为代表的功利主义的分析批判

边沁的功利主义为苦乐原理、效果论和功利原则这样三个理论基点所构成。这是一个有着内在逻辑困境的三原理。苦乐原理由于没有进行内在的质的区分,为密尔所修正,但密尔的修正突出了苦乐原理与效果论的内在不一致;同时,密尔以自我牺牲来补充功利主义,又暴露了功利主义原则的内在矛盾。还有,密尔以平等权利来为功利主义的最大幸福原理辩护,恰恰表明功利原则并非是可以成为一个理论的基础性原则或终极原则。斯马特的行动功利主义则进一步暴露了功利主义的非正义性特性。功利主义的这样三个典范表明仅仅诉诸功利原则无从走出内在逻辑困境。布兰特援引认知理论以及道义论原则,笔认为这才使功利主义从其困境中走出。     

The replicability and utility of three personality types P. T. Costa,Jr., J. H. Herbst,R. R. McCrae,J. Samuels and D. J. Ozer (2002). European Journal of Personality,Vol. 16, No. S1, S73–S87

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in European Journal of Personality, Vol. 16, No. S1, S73–S87.     

In memoriam Jac. Van Ginneken S.J.

Synthese - Dr. J. van Ginneken S.J., whose death occurred on the 20th of October 1945, was the author of the well-known “Principes de Linguistique psychologique”. In the above article...     

Assessing the U.S. presidents using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory

This article describes the use of objective psychological instruments, including the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), to assess the personalities of all 41 U.S. presidents to date. We briefly report our findings pertaining to the average profile of chief executives on the NEO PI-R and summarize data on two of our most illustrious presidents, Washington and Lincoln. We review a typology of presidents based on our data. Finally, we summarize the results of our investigation of the Big Five personality dimensions and facets that are related to presidential success (i.e., historical greatness). The project and findings are discussed in terms of the use of the NEO PI-R in psychohistorical research and assessment.     

J. S. Mill on Coolie Labour and Voluntary Slavery

This article discusses John Stuart Mill's voluntary slavery argument in On Liberty. The author shows that standard interpretations of the argument rely on the assumption that part of Mill's objection to voluntary slavery is the permanent nature of the decision. However, in correspondence, Mill also objects to voluntary ‘coolie’ labour contracts, which he regards as a form of slavery. This produces difficulties for standard interpretations of the voluntary slavery argument. Finally, the author provides a revised interpretation of Mill's argument to solve this problem.     

Personality dimensions and cigarette smoking behavior in polish and U.S. adolescents

Abstract

To contribute to the design of adequate intervention and prevention programs, data on smoking behavior were collected from over 300 male and female 15 year olds from Poland and the United States, approximately half from each country. Several personality measures were obtained from each subject. Fifty of these students were already smoking and over 100 more had tried cigarettes. Results indicate that for both countries, smokers had a characteristic personality profile which included being anxious, angry, and impulsive/antisocial. In short they appear to be emotionally distressed and females were more extreme than males in this regard. Possible intervention and prevention strategies and future needed research are discussed.     

围棋活动对小学生人格发展的影响研究

采用EPQ和《SK——克里佩林心理测验》对围棋特色小学与一般小学4、5、6年级学生进行人格特质的差异比较,结果发现:经过几年围棋系统训练的小学生,其外向性、神经质和精神质显著优于一般小学生;外向性随着年级的升高而发展;与一般小学生相比,他们处理事物的速度和积极性更突出,人格启动特征更明显,注意集中程度更好,意志努力程度大。研究表明,小学生经常下围棋,有益于人格健康发展。