Trauma, Shame, and Group Psychotherapy: A Self Psychology Perspective

This paper attempts to define trauma from a self psychology/intersubjective perspective and explores shame as a basic aspect of trauma. Self psychologically oriented group therapy is examined as an effective treatment modality for dealing with issues of shame as well as the after effects of trauma.     

On the nature of mental models of conditional: The case of If,If then,and Only if

It has recently been reported that forward inferences from if p then q sentences (i.e., from antecedent to consequent) were faster than backward inferences from consequent to antecedent (Barrouillet, Grosset, & Lecas, 2000). The standard mental model theory assumes that this directionality effect is a figural effect due to the order the information enters working memory, whereas we claim that it results from the nature of the mental models that represent oriented relations from hypothetical values introduced by the word If. We tested these hypotheses in an experiment in which adult participants evaluated conditional syllogisms from either if p then q, p only if q, or p if q statements. Contrary to the predictions resulting from the standard theory, the three forms of the conditional provoked a reversed directionality effect and denial inferences took longer to endorse than affirmative inferences for all the forms of conditionals. We argue from these results that mental models of the conditional represent oriented relations instead of mere co-occurrences between events.     

全球联邦:是否可能与如何可能--中美价值论专家对话录

2002年6月13日,应中国社会科学院哲学所价值理论研究室之邀,美国德鲁大学哲学系主任、《价值探讨》(Value Inquiry)杂志主编托马斯·麦格内尔(Thomas Magnell)教授来到哲学所,就全球联邦的构想问题与价值理论研究室的同行们进行了一次深入的学术座谈。参加座谈的学者有李景源、李德顺、马俊峰、朱葆伟、章建刚、孙伟平、周文华、熊在高等。现将要点摘录如下,期望能引起读者的兴趣和进一步思考。     

Be It Ever So Humble...: The Controversial Issue of Psychotherapy Groups in the Home Office Setting

Group leaders who have home offices may be disclosing more about their personal lives than they consciously intend. While the home office may be convenient and financially advantageous for the leader, this disclosure can be problematic for both the group therapist and group members. It may provide more information about the leader than some members want to know or are able to metabolize. And although poor boundary maintenance can occur in a professional office setting as well, the leakage in the home office is inevitable. The potential pitfalls seem to be at least threefold: over-stimulation, gaslighting, and the emperor's new clothes effect. These hazards exist independently of the leader's training, competence, or ethics. This paper examines the impact of the home office setting on group treatment. Leaders who practice from the home need to be ever-vigilant of untoward treatment reactions that are related to the setting itself. The article provides vignettes that illustrate the benefits and liabilities of the home office.     

Patient Personality and Relational Patterns in Psychotherapy: Factor Structure,Reliability, and Validity of the Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire

The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ; Bradley, Heim, &; Westen, 2005 Bradley, R., Heim, A. K., &; Westen, D. (2005). Transference patterns in the psychotherapy of personality disorders: Empirical investigation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 342–349. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.4.342[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), a clinician report instrument that measures a wide spectrum of thoughts, feelings, motives, conflicts, and behaviors expressed by patients toward their therapists in psychotherapy. A national sample of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists (N = 314) of different theoretical orientations completed the PRQ, as well as the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure–200 (SWAP–200; Westen &; Shedler, 1999a Westen, D., &; Shedler, J. (1999a). Revising and assessing Axis II, Part I: Developing a clinically and empirically valid assessment method. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 258–272.[PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1999b Westen, D., &; Shedler, J. (1999a). Revising and assessing Axis II, Part I: Developing a clinically and empirically valid assessment method. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 258–272.[PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to assess the personality of a patient in their care. Factor-analytic procedures identified 6 transference dimensions that showed excellent internal consistencies: (a) hostile, (b) positive/working alliance, (c) special/entitled, (d) anxious/preoccupied, (e) avoidant/dismissing attachment, and (f) sexualized. Factor scores were significantly related to patients’ personality characteristics and psychological functioning, regardless of the clinicians’ orientations. The findings support that the PRQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the patients’ relational patterns emerging in clinical practice in a clinically coherent and psychometrically robust way. Clinicians’ careful understanding of these patterns can be very useful for making accurate diagnostic formulations, as well as for providing a roadmap for effective therapeutic intervention.     

Self Psychology, Dreams and Group Psychotherapy: Working in the Playspace

This paper presents one leadership style within a self-psychological approach to working with dreams in group psychotherapy. It stresses an empathic attunement, the creation of safety, and an experience-near playful relationship. Playful is not used lightly here. It is used in the spirit of Winnicott's intermediate space where a mother suspends questions of what is real or not real and what is me and not me. Freud's analogy to a playspace forms a metaphor for the creation of a special atmosphere in a group, or for that matter in individual work as well, that encourages exploration, risk taking, and vulnerability. Working with dreams in this playspace deepens the curative process, not only for the dreamer, but for the entire group.     

The Effect of Group Psychotherapy in Reducing Resistance to Individual Psychotherapy: A Case Study

Abstract

Cohesion in group treatment of spouse abusers plays an important and often overlooked role. Involuntary abuser groups can benefit from cohesion, but due to their unique structure, cohesion may develop differently than in voluntary psychotherapy groups. Initially, abuser groups may develop premature levels of cohesion that can make group members unwilling to express conflict, develop intimacy, and take responsibility for their actions. Understanding the abuser personality and the unique characteristics of involuntary abuser groups can shed light on why cohesion develops the way it does and the importance it plays in abuser groups. Developing effective interventions that target premature cohesion can help the group members express conflict, develop intimacy, and take responsibility for their actions, thus bringing about therapeutic levels of cohesion.     

Narrating the Unsayable: Enactment,Repair, and Creative Multiplicity in Group Psychotherapy

This article introduces an approach to group analysis that places dissociation of traumatic experience at the center of group interaction. Healing in group is regarded as hinging on the enactment of unformulated and dissociated experience and affect. Enactments are regarded as involving the members of the group, the group as a whole, and the group analyst. Clinical examples are offered to illustrate the enactment of dissociated trauma that was unable to be suffered earlier and the enactment of absence and neglect that is non-represented. In this hermeneutic conception, the group comes to narrate what has happened but never been experienced, and healing accrues through the group’s witnessing and making affectively real what was hitherto unsayable and unthinkable. The group analyst uses and shares his or her own experience to facilitate this process.     

Financial risk-taking on “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire”: A comparison between Austria,Germany, and Slovenia

The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of gender, age, education, and stake on financial risk-taking in contestants on the television game show “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire.” According to the existing literature on the impact of demographic parameters on financial risk-taking, it was expected that women should take less risks than men in the low-stake condition of the game, older contestants should take less risks than their younger counterparts, and contestants with an academic degree should take more risks than contestants without an academic degree. It was also expected that the tendency towards voluntarily quitting the game should increase with increasing stake. In order to test the generality of the obtained results, the study was conducted in three European countries: Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The total sample comprised 416 Austrian, 331 German, and 199 Slovenian contestants on the television game show “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire.” By means of meta-analyses it was found that the most important predictor of voluntarily quitting the game was the stake, indicating that the tendency towards quitting the game voluntarily increased with increasing stake, and that in the low-stake condition women were less inclined to take risks than men. No statistically significant impact of age and academic degree on financial risk-taking was found. It was also found that older contestants received higher cash pay-offs, compared to their younger counterparts. The findings accentuate the importance of comparing data from different countries for a better understanding of the sometimes varying results on financial risk-taking.     

Can I Touch You Through A Screen? A Discussion of “Video Communication and Transgenerational Shame in the Mother/Daughter Bond”

This discussion elaborates on the complexity that electronically mediated treatment adds to Psychoanalytic work. The author explores the fate of the body in a Skype relationship, with particular attention to dilemmas posed by work with erotic transference when the transgressive excitement of possibility – actual erotic contact between analyst and patient – is absent. Additionally using Goldberg’s understanding of the frame as contact barrier, the author considers Skype as both frame and process and elaborates on limitations posed by Skype in adjusting to the phenomenology of the clinical moment. Ways to vitalize the frame over Skype are suggested. The author’s concerns about Skype treatment with dissociated and traumatized patients are also explored, and unrecognized enactments in Ringel’s work with D are considered, as is the possibility that work over Skype with D may have reified disconnection rather than promoted is intimacy.