Helping the Environment Help the Client: A Sequenced Change Process

Counselors, often restricting themselves to individual, in-the-office help, are here encouraged to increase their repertoire of skills to include the effective use of environmental change processes. The complexities of a client's existing environment make its analysis an awesome task. One effective way to assist clients is through the Systems Analysis and Organizational Change model that is presented. This procedure describes the principal environmental factors to be considered and alternative actions that might be taken. The mode can be used by counselors in schools, agencies, and institutions.     

Helping Clients Move Toward Constructive Change: A Three-Phase Integrated Counseling Model

This article presents a 3-phase integrated counseling model that draws from object relations and attachment theory for assessment and uses cognitive behavioral techniques to promote constructive client change. A case vignette is presented to illustrate implementation of the model.     

动机性访谈：一种以咨客为中心的行为改变咨询技术

动机性访谈是目前在西方国家比较流行的一种以咨客为中心的行为改变咨询技术,但在我国关于这一技术的研究和应用都还比较少。本文概述了动机性访谈技术的理论基础、应用原则(表达神入;发展差异;接受阻抗;维持自我效能)和基本技能,并介绍了这一咨询技术的应用现状与研究方向。     

The Language of Becoming: Helping Children Change How They Think about Themselves

In this article, I describe the language of becoming, which is a way of speaking to children that enables them to see themselves as continually evolving and changing. By noticing and reflecting back the specific ways the child is becoming, the parent gives a meta-message that one's personality is not set in stone but, rather, evolves and changes over time. In order for parents to use the language of becoming, the child must actually act differently. I will describe a three-pronged approach to helping children try new behaviors. The language of becoming helps parents and children see the child's personality, not just his or her behavior, as fluid rather then static. This helps parents and children break the vicious circles and self-fulfilling prophesies of rigid definitions of self. An understanding of stages of cognitive development in the construction of beliefs about the self and the implications of these stages for using the language of becoming is also discussed.     

Methods in Sales Research: Scaling and Measurement Section: A Time for Change

The Fall 1991 issue of Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management announced the establishment of the special topic section “Scaling and Measurement”. The primary purpose of the section was “.to provide an authoritative centralized source for dissemination of information related to measurement and scaling issues germane to personal selling and sales management research.”     

Helping parents of premature babies: A cognitive-behavioral approach

Having an infant in an intensive care setting is highly stressful for parents and may disrupt the bonding process. This article presents a cognitive-behavioral framework as a useful way of understanding and intervening with parents of normal, healthy, premature babies. Differences are shown between stimulus events experienced by parents of term and premature babies and the consequent differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are discussed. Suggestions are made for helping parents of premature babies replace dysfunctional irrational cognitions with more appropriate and rational beliefs.     

Helping Teams to Help Themselves: Comparing two Team‐Led Debriefing Methods

Team‐based structures have become more widely used in organizations. Therefore, it is important for team members to perform well in their current team and to build skills and enthusiasm for working on future teams. This study examined team debriefing, an intervention in which team members reflect on recent experiences to prepare for subsequent tasks. Prior researchers have shown that facilitated team debriefs work, but they have not examined how to enable teams to conduct their own debriefs or studied how debriefs affect individual level outcomes. Therefore, we compared 2 team‐led debriefing techniques: (a) an unguided debrief and (b) a guided debrief designed to incorporate lessons learned from prior debriefs. We collected data from 174 business students who were members of 35 teams from 9 sections of a Strategic Management course. Class sections were randomly assigned to one of the debriefing conditions, and teams completed 4 business cases over 10 weeks. A multilevel design was employed and a multistage model building approach was used to test the hypotheses using hierarchical linear modeling techniques. Results of this cluster randomized, quasi‐experimental design suggest that the team‐led guided debrief intervention resulted in superior team processes as compared to the unguided debriefing method. Team processes, in turn, related significantly to greater team performance and increased individual readiness for teamwork and enthusiasm for teaming. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.     

The Children Helping Children Program: A Case Illustration

This article highlights the need for community and school-based programs for children of divorce and describes The Children Helping Children Program which was designed to respond to this need. A review of literature indicates that children of divorce typically experience school related problems including poor academic performance, depression, and disturbances in peer relationships. The review also points out that few support group programs are presently available, either in schools or through agencies for these children. Evaluative evidence consisting of parent comments at the conclusion of the program, followup questionnaire data collected at least four months after the program, and pre-post data pertaining to parenting effectiveness suggest that Children Helping Children may be a promising program. The need for further evaluative data in future implementations is discussed.     

Helping Children Access and Use Services: A Review

High rates of dropping out from mental health services are documented for children and their families. These high rates exist at different treatment stages, in different service settings, and for different populations of children and families. Some researchers have developed and tested engagement interventions to address barriers to service access and use and increase participation in services by children and their families. Studies of engagement interventions for children and their families are critically reviewed in this paper. Overall, the engagement interventions were effective in increasing attendance at first appointments. Only those with an ecological and total service delivery approach reduced the drop-out rate. However, even then, the drop-out rate was 26% to 29%. Suggestions for future research are made, including ascertaining from children and families their reasons for quitting or staying in treatment, comparing the outcomes of drop-outs with the outcomes of those who remain in treatment, developing and testing conceptual models of engagement for subgroups of at-risk children and their families, and examining the cost-effectiveness of engagement interventions.     

Collaborative Helping: A Practice Framework for Family-Centered Services

This article offers a framework for collaborative family-centered practice that can reinvigorate our work with families who have not responded to more traditional approaches. Collaborative Helping is grounded in family-centered principles that include: striving for cultural curiosity, believing in resourcefulness, working in partnership, and making our work more accountable to the clients we serve. The article introduces collaborative inquiry as an organizing metaphor for clinical practice and offers a five-step practice framework with clinical illustrations and sample questions. The framework draws from appreciative inquiry, motivational interviewing, the signs of safety approach to child protection work, and solution-focused and narrative therapies.     

The Cost-Reward Model of Helping Behavior: A Nonconfirmation1

A field experiment was designed to test several predictions derived from the Piliavin and Piliavin cost-reward model of helping behavior. Female and male subjects' reported intent to help a hemophiliac in a nearby hospital was unrelated to the costs for helping, the costs for not helping, and the order in which the subjects received the costs' manipulations. The obtained rates of helping were also unrelated to whether or not subjects reported having donated previously. Failure to obtain the predicted results is discussed.     

助人意向、助人方式与移情反应关系的研究

1　引言　　大量的研究表明 ,移情增加了助人和其它的亲社会行为(Ｂａｔｓｏｎ ,1991,Ｅｉｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ＆Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ ,1987,1989) ,个体成熟的认知角色承担能力和情绪移情能力使人更有可能理解他人的需要 ,并对他人的需要做出反应 (Ｅｉｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ Ｂｅｒｇ＆Ｍｕｓｓｅｎ ,1978) ,移情关心主要以一种融为一体 (ｏｎｅｎｅｓｓ)的情绪标志影响助人 (Ｃｉａｌｄｉｎｉ,1997)。另据Ｂａｔｓｏｎ等人的研究 ,人们对于需要帮助的人通常会产生两种不同的情绪反应 :个人悲伤的情感和移情情感。移情的情感唤起利他动机 ,个人的悲伤诱发了利…