中小学生对教师的信任及问卷编制

通过查阅文献、开放式问卷调查、访谈、内容分析等方法提出了中小学生对特定教师的信任结构并编制问卷项目。以小学四年级至初中二年级学生为研究对象,对539名学生进行初步问卷调查,经探索性因素分析得到含20个项目的中小学生对教师信任问卷,然后对1012名学生进行正式调查和验证性因素分析。结果表明:中小学生对特定教师的信任是一个多维结构,包括学生对教师的教学能力、守信可靠和友善关怀三方面的判断;自编的问卷有良好的信度和效度,可作为进一步研究的工具。     

Teachers Coping with the Stress of Classroom Discipline

Of all of the activities that comprise the role of a teacher, classroom discipline is one of the most significant. In selecting an approach to classroom discipline, some teachers experience, and have to deal with, tensions arising from their desire to use educationally justifiable models while still quickly gaining and maintaining order in the classroom. This paper examines teachers' estimations of the stress that arises when they are unable to discipline students as they would ideally prefer. More importantly, the way teachers cope with any stress which does arise is documented using the Coping Scale for Adults. The results indicate that teachers who report more stress are those most interested in empowering their students in the decision making process. Associated with increased concern is a greater use of Worry, Self-Blame, Tension Reduction, Wishful Thinking and Keep to Self. The most concerned teachers also express a greater tendency to get sick as a result of the stress. These data suggest the need for professional development curricula for teachers to assist them in effectively sharing power with students and in reflecting upon a range of more productive coping strategies.     

Structured Experiences With the Educational Growth Group

A five-step model is presented for conducting groups that enhance students' knowledge, self-awareness, and interpersonal skills. Differences between the educational growth group (EGG) model and other forms of group work are outlined. The goals and potential benefits for counselors are listed, along with examples of counselors' applications of the model. Counselors are urged to experiment with the EGG model, to adapt it to their work environments, and to report their results.     

Dissociative Experiences and Creativity in Fine Arts Students

Studies on creative personality have revealed that the relationship between personality and creativity remains unclear, and various types of creative thinking have been have been associated with various personality traits. To assess the influence of dissociative experiences on creativity in the context of fine arts education, in which the creative process plays a key role, a sample of fine arts students received a test of creative potential and the dissociative experiences test. The results revealed significant differences in creativity (creative imagination and creative experiences) between students scoring high or low in the number of dissociative experiences. High dissociative experiences scores were associated to high scores in creative imagination and creative experiences, and low scores in dissociative experiences were inversely related to creative imagination and creative experiences. Further studies are required to corroborate these findings.     

Personality Correlates of the High School Experiences of Prospective Teachers

Data pertaining to aspects of their high school experiences were provided by 192 female students who had successfully completed the teacher preparation program at the College of Education, University of Texas. This information was used as the basis for defining groups which were then compared on a wide variety of measures of personality and student teaching performance. A number of significant relationships were found. It was concluded that the simple facts regarding students' high school experiences may be relevant to career commitment in teaching.     

Group Psychotherapy for University Students: Progress and Problems

The progress of two therapy groups for university students is described. Some difficulties were encountered in their organisation and in the selection of group members. There were also problems regarding confidentiality. On the other hand, the closure of one group during the university vacations did not impede its progress. Such group therapy seemed particularly suitable for students with less severe psychiatric disturbance and for those with adolescent difficulties in separation and individuation. Students with more severe personality disorder or those with a recent history of serious mental illness progressed less satisfactorily.     

Expressing the Nature and Meaning of DNA: Six Books for Teachers and Students

DNA is an important agent not only in chemistry and biology but also in technology and modern culture. A number of books approach the double helix from different angles. These perspectives include (1) the science of DNA and genetics; (2) genetic engineering; (3) the ethics of manipulating genetic material; and (4) DNA in culture and religion. Various views of DNAprovide insights into human nature beyond its molecular composition.     

Into the Wild: Working with Preverbal Experiences in a Group

This article begins with a metaphor of being in the wilderness at night to demonstrate the group analyst’s reliance on implicit experiences. The entrenched patterns of group members are rooted in a developmental phase before words and symbolization are available to manage distress. These group members enact in the here-and-now a relational dysfunction fixed in early attachment patterns. The defenses they induce resist interpretation and traditional analysis. The group analyst must be willing to sink into these non-verbal affective states expressed unconsciously yet communicated and to work with the member on an emotional, non-interpretative level. A brief review of affect regulation theory, attachment theory, and infant studies supports this treatment approach. Two vignettes follow to illustrate the nature of working in this visceral and intuitive manner while maintaining an observing ego.     

Attitudes and Experiences of High School Students Living in Turkey

A group of 105 tenth-grade high school students living in Turkey were studied to discover their attitudes toward their host nation and experiences while living away from the United States. It was hypothesized that neither the length of time a student resides in a country nor his sex would have an effect on either the number of experiences related to his host country or his attitude while living in a foreign country. The results indicated that the longer the students live overseas, the more experiences related to the culture of the host country they have. Their attitudes were the same regardless of their sex or length of residence.     

Establishing a Descriptive Database for Teachers with Aggressive Students

While establishing a database that describes students' aggressive behaviors and the conditions present at the time of occurrence, we discovered a variety of definitions of aggression in the literature. This lack of consistency limits the information provided to teachers working with the frequent problem of violence. We propose an inclusive and verifiable definition of aggression gleaned from experience and the literature. The definition incorporates verbal, paraverbal, nonverbal, and physical aggression. Validation is presented from the literature, and from 39 practicing teachers who used the definition to categorize 659 target behaviors. The teachers' level of agreement with the authors' categorization was 93% (median).     

Evaluation Bias in the Business Classroom: Evidence Relating to the Effects of Previous Experiences

We found that teaching evaluations were assigned as a function of the professors' gender and students' previous experience with a female professor. Based on the professor's style of organization, enthusiasm, credibility, and effectiveness, and students' willingness to take a course with the professor, students assigned higher evaluations to male professors than female professors. Previous experience with a female faculty member was found to be a relevant variable influencing perceived credibility, organization, and effectiveness evaluations. The findings imply that exposure to women in positions of responsibility may reduce stereotypical attitudes regarding women's ability to function in gender-atypical roles.     

An Evaluation of a Classwide Intervention Package Involving Self-Management and a Group Contingency on Classroom Behavior of Middle School Students

The effectiveness of an intervention package involving self-management and a group contingency at increasing appropriate classroom behaviors was evaluated in a sample of middle school students. Participants included all students in each of the 3 eighth-grade general education classrooms and their teachers. The intervention package included strategies recommended as part of best practice in classroom management to involve both building skill (self-management) and reinforcing appropriate behavior (group contingency). Data sources involved assessment of targeted behaviors using Direct Behavior Rating—single item scales completed by students and systematic direct observations completed by external observers. Outcomes suggested that, on average, student behavior moderately improved during intervention as compared to baseline when examining observational data for off-task behavior. Results for Direct Behavior Rating data were not as pronounced across all targets and classrooms in suggesting improvement for students. Limitations and future directions, along with implications for school-based practitioners working in middle school general education settings, are discussed.     

Group Psychotherapy in the Psychiatric Training of Medical Students

Group-as-a-whole theory is a relational paradigm of some complexity. Despite the growing popularity of this perspective, there is abiding confusion about the essence of group-as-a-whole practice and whether the approach attends sufficiently to members and part processes. The threefold aims of this article are to (a) show how group-centered thinking differs essentially from traditional psychodynamic theory that relies heavily on familial dynamics, interpretation, and transference analysis; (b) present the mind-set and working principles for a generic treatment that specifically utilizes collective forces generated in the context of the group matrix; and (c) compare and contrast the thrust of recent dyadic relational therapies with group therapy generally and the group-as-a-whole approach more particularly. The relationship between the whole (group) and its parts (members and what they bring) is detailed and demonstrated as it appears in the context of fused, affiliated, fragmented, and differentiated groups.     

An Investigation of Genetic Counselor Experiences in Peer Group Supervision

Peer supervision groups have been studied in counseling fields including psychotherapy and social work. However, limited research exists regarding genetic counselor peer supervision groups. In the present study five major research questions were investigated: (1) How prevalent is peer group supervision among genetic counselors? (2) What motivates genetic counselors to join and continue to seek peer group supervision? (3) What comprises the content, agenda, and structure of group meetings? (4) What are participants’ perceptions of group dynamics, including conflicts, cohesion, and leadership? and (5) What are the perceived benefits and limitations of participating in peer group supervision? A total of 214 genetic counselors completed an online survey, and 70 (34.8%) reported being involved currently in peer group supervision. Fifteen of these 70 respondents were interviewed regarding their experiences in peer group supervision. Inductive analysis of their responses yielded 11 domains and 37 categories. Practice implications and research recommendations are discussed.     

Silent or Talking in the Classroom: Implicit Self-Stereotyping Among Asian and White Students

In academic settings, Asian students are often described as less talkative than White students. We provide an account of this phenomenon based on research on cultural influences on the self, self-categorization, and implicit social cognition. We hypothesized that the classroom context activates a process of implicit self-stereotyping. Asian and White participants were asked to imagine themselves in a classroom or leisure context. Next, they completed Implicit Association Tests assessing their self-concept, ethnic stereotypes, and ethnic identification. In the classroom context only, ethnic stereotypes accounted for a more reserved self-concept among Asian participants and a more talkative self-concept among White participants.     

Transitional Experiences of New Teachers in Christian Schools: A Case Study

Little is known concerning the transitional experiences of teachers in Christian schools. The present paper reports the results of a case study focused on the transitional experiences of new teachers, both beginning and experienced, in selected Christian Schools in Australia. Twenty-one new teachers from ten Christian Schools were interviewed concerning their transitional experiences. Results of the study indicated that these teachers' transitional experiences were inhibited by a lack of formal and effective transitional structures and processes. However, the supportive environment of the schools did appear to counter-balance somewhat the deleterious effects of less-than-adequate transition management practices. The paper suggests that a more systematic approach to transition management in Australian Christian schools is warranted.     

小学语文和数学教师课堂信息加工能力的研究

本研究采用小学语文和数学视频教学录象为实验材料,以小学语文和数学教师为研究对象,运用反应时测量法探讨小学语文和数学教师对不同类型课堂信息的加工速度和辨别能力。研究结果表明:小学语文和数学教师处理课堂背景信息方面采用了相似的策略,忽略与课堂教学无关信息;语文和数学教师在处理课堂信息方面表现出明显的学科差异,语文教师更注重课堂活动的组织与课堂气氛的调节,数学教师强调学科内容教学本身的精确性;小学语文教师处理课堂活动信息的加工速度显著快于数学教师。本研究的结论对小学教师培训有一定的启示。     

Outside the Classroom Walls: Perceptions of Professor Inappropriate Out-of-Class Conduct and Student Classroom Incivility among American Business Students

Under higher education’s contemporary consumer model, students are treated as customers and professors are encouraged to increase student engagement through more personal out-of-class interactions, often in social settings. In the course of this more personal student-faculty involvement, students inevitably encounter or learn of their professors’ occasional inappropriate or unethical behavior. In the present study, we investigated the impact of 145 American undergraduate Business students’ perceptions of their professors’ inappropriate out-of-class behavior on student beliefs and in-class behavior. Results indicate that student perceptions of professors engaging in inappropriate out-of-class behavior were associated with students viewing these professors as lower in ethical character and reporting a stronger likelihood of attending these professors’ classes under the influence of alcohol and illicit drugs, swearing and using vulgarity in these professors’ class discussions, and showing disregard for these professors’ rules, time, and effort. These relationships held even when student grade satisfaction and professor in-class behavior were accounted for. Our results suggest professors’ behavior outside the classroom may impact students’ behavior inside the classroom, re-igniting dialogue regarding the professorial role and the boundaries on oversight of that role. We offer suggestions as to how higher education may address these concerns without infringing upon professors’ personal freedoms.