社会转型与社会保障--工业化国家现代社会保障制度演变的启示

工业化国家的社会结构转型对现代社会保障制度的起源、发展与模式演变产生了重要的影响。其中 ,工业化的推进、市场经济的发展等是导致这种变化的决定性因素 ,这不仅决定了西方早期的社会保障制度采取以社会保险为重点和社会救助为补充的模式 ,而且决定了社会保障制度的健全、完善与城乡整合的特点。这些具有规律性的经验对于我国社会保障制度的建设与改革 ,具有明显的参考价值。而西方各国对“传统”与“现代”关系的不恰当处理 ,以及一味推行“福利国家”模式而在一定意义上牺牲了效率等 ,也为我们提供了值得记取的教训     

Social Categorization Moderates Social Projection

When categorized into social groups, people view members of in-groups, but not members of out-groups, as being similar to themselves. In three experiments, social categorization moderated the spread of social projection in both minimal and value-tagged laboratory groups and regardless of whether individual perceivers judged both groups or only one. The categorization effect tracked changes in the perceiver's group status so that most perceivers projected only to present but not past in-groups. The lack of out-group projection supported an anchoring hypothesis, according to which self-referent information is engaged only when it is considered applicable to the judgment at hand. The induction hypothesis and the differentiation hypothesis, which predicted positive and negative out-group projection, respectively, were not supported. Implications for theories of intergroup perception and bias are discussed.     

“社会矛盾与社会和谐”笔谈——“矛盾”是合理解读“社会和谐”的关键

自从关于“建构社会主义和谐社会”理论提出以来,“社会矛盾与社会和谐”的关系问题就成为学界关注的热点。不同的学者依据于各自的学术资源和经验感受,对于问题作出了各自不同的阐述。这是十分有意义的工作。它不仅扩展着人们的思维,也必将有益于实践。以学术的维度关注现实重大理论问题,是人文社会科学学者应尽的职责。有鉴于此,本期刊发了这组笔谈,并期待着学界朋友的进一步参与,共同推进社会主义和谐社会理论的完善与发展。[编者按]     

Social Psychologists and Social Psychology

Abstract

(Witkin, H. A., Hertzman, M., Machover, K., Meissner, P. B., &; Wapner, S. Personality Through Perception. New York: Harper, 1954. Pp. 571.) Reviewed by Murray H. Sherman.     

社会评价:社会学在项目中的应用

社会评价不是公众评价 ,不是经济评价的剩余 ,也不同于纯粹的社会学学术研究。它是社会学理论与方法在项目实践中的具体应用。其功能为 :(1)给出项目能否成立的基本判断 ;(2 )实现项目的社会发展目标 ;(3 )提高项目的经济效益。社会评价没有超出社会学方法论范畴。它的方法 ,除了常用的文献研究、观察、访谈、问卷、座谈会等方法外 ,也发展出一些有自身特色的如协商、公众参与等方法。社会评价的内容 ,通常包括项目社会影响分析 ,利益相关者分析 ,土地与居民生计调查 ,项目机构设置 ,少数民族发展等。     

作为社会意识的社会心理

思想体系和社会心理,是历史唯物主义领域中关于社会意识的两个范畴,前者是社会意识的高级形式,后者是社会意识的初级形式,这种初级形式是思想体系形成的基本前提。该文区分了社会心理学说与一般社会心理学的界限,并着重从社会心理学说发展的简要历史中,发掘了这门学科对于研究唯物史观和社会意识的重要意义。     

论社会公正与社会发展

社会公正与社会发展密切相关。以目的与手段的统一、权利与义务的统一、平等与差异的统一、自由与秩序的统一、竞争与协作的统一、民主与集中的统一、内容与程序的统一为特征的新时代的社会公正是社会发展的核心价值,是确立社会发展目标,构建社会发展框架的根本原则,也是保持社会活力和推动社会发展的强大力量。坚持社会公正与社会发展的统一是社会公正理论进步和社会健康发展的需要。     

企业社会责任与社会公正

企业何以需要承担社会责任?企业承担社会责任的价值指归于何处?又如何能保持企业承担社会责任的持续后劲?诸如此类问题的思考和解决在本质上命系于社会公正或公正的社会环境。企业社会责任与社会公正是一个交融渗透、共生互动的德性共同体。     

社会性格和健康社会性格模式的初步研究

１引言 随着改革开放的不断深化及社会主义市场经济的发展,物质文明建设得到了很大的发展。物质财富的积累和对外开放的影响使得当今中国社会生活的各方面发生了深刻变化,同时西方文化的精髓和糟粕也一起涌入中国社会,从而使人们的观念发生了急剧变化。在这种形势下精神文明建设就变为当今社会发展中的首要问题之一,而精神文明建设中的一个很重要的问题就是对人的精神塑造问题,其中就包括了当代中国人健康社会性格的塑造问题。 社会性格（Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ）是指在一定社会结构中的大多数人为了适应社会条件的需要而共…     

企业家的社会地位和社会责任

企业家是现代市场经济的主角,他们对社会物质文明的发展做出了巨大贡献,因而企业家在现代社会中具有较高的社会地位。这一地位同时也赋予了他们相应的发展经济、传播先进文化、促进社会道德水平提高的社会责任。     

Toward a Social Psychology of Social Support

An analysis of social psychological aspects of social support examined several stages of the interaction between provider and recipient. In the first stage, the provider may offer support, respond positively to requests for support, or decline requests for support, whereas the recipient may seek, accept, or reject support. In the second stage, after support is exchanged, attributions about its effect may occur for each member, which in turn affects the extent to which the support is continued and the nature of its effect. Attributional errors about the effect may occur, especially if factors other than support—such as external factors—alter the problem status. The final stage follows the resolution of the problem and may involve reciprocation of support when roles are reversed, although such reciprocity may not be a necessary condition for social support. Possible mechanisms for both positive as well as negative effects of support were postulated. Assessing the effects of support is complicated by factors such as individual differences, the degree of match between social support beliefs held by provider and recipient, type of problem, and the timing of support.     

Social Anxiety,Social Skills and Expectancy/ Cost of Negative Social Events

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between social anxiety, social skills and estimated cost as well as expectancy of negative social/non-social events. One hundred and twenty-six students (half males and half females) filled in the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), the Social Skills Inventory (SSI), and measures of expectancy and estimated cost of negative social and non-social events. Social anxiety was negatively correlated with self-reported social skills. Further, social anxiety was strongly related to both expectancy and estimated cost of negative social, as opposed to non-social, events. Social skills were related to expectancy, but not to estimated cost of negative social events. Finally, the correlation between social anxiety and expectancy of negative social events disappeared when social control (measured with a subscale of SSI) was partialized out of the relationship, whereas the correlation between social anxiety and estimated cost of negative social events did not. Potential therapeutic implications are discussed.     

Popular and Rejected Children's Social Reasoning: Linking Social Status and Social Knowledge

The relationship between children's social status/sex and their moral judgments was examined. Sixty-four second- and third-grade children (33 boys, 31 girls) who were identified as popular or rejected by peer sociometric measures were shown pictures of children engaged in moral and second-order transgressions. The children were asked to rate each event on (a) the degree of seriousness for other and self, (b) the amount of punishment for other and self, and (c) rule alterability. The children were also asked for justification of the transgressions (why they thought the transgressions were wrong). The popular and rejected children differentiated between moral and second-order transgressions based upon criterion ratings and justifications. Differences emerged between the popular and the rejected children's ratings and justifications for moral transgressions, suggesting that children's moral judgments are related to social experiences associated with peer acceptance and rejection.     

Gang Affiliation as a Measure of Social Structure in Social Structure Social Learning Theory

The current study seeks to evaluate the use of gang membership as a measure of social structure in social structure social learning theory. The Evaluation of Gang Resistance Education and Training Program in the United States, 1995–1999 dataset was used with structural equation modeling to test if inclusion of gang membership as a social structure variable was a better predictor of deviance than social learning elements alone. The analysis suggests that gang membership will have an impact on the mechanisms of social learning, supporting the use of gang membership as a measure of social structure.