Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences,Vol. V Edited by Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad

In long-term, open-ended psychotherapy groups in which there are inevitable, yet potentially disruptive changes in membership, therapeutic group culture can become particularly important in sustaining a group's sense of cohesion. This article focuses on how transitional phenomena, as defined by D. W. Winnicott, and representational play serve as vehicles for establishing therapeutic group culture in a preadolescent girls' group. Applications of both transitional phenomena and therapeutic group culture to group stage development, as outlined by Garland, Jones, and Kolodny (1970), will also be explored.     

Freud: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis Edited by N. Fodor and F. Gaynor

Acting out should be expected in the treatment of incest victims. These persons attempt to communicate through actions a plethora of confusing feelings resulting from the incest; such actions occur outside the therapy sessions and their meanings are out of the patient's awareness. Working through the underlying feelings is the necessary therapeutic task. It is unlikely that acting-out behavior will be completely eliminated, but the development of self-acceptance and a willingness to explore the meaning of the behaviors are reasonable and attainable therapeutic goals with the help of the other group members.

Three areas of acting out are elucidated: sex, power and sadism, and self-destructiveness. Clinical vignettes drawn from the authors' experience conducting group psychotherapy are used to illustrate both acting out and working through.     

Psychoanalytic Education,Vol. V. Science and Psychoanalysis Edited by Jules H. Masserman

This article uses a psychoanalytic ego-psychological framework to examine the regression experienced by an individual group member and the defenses mobilized to counter it, focusing in particular on the defensive functions of constituting leadership somewhere in the group. The leader, regarded as an internal object in the member's object world, is hypothesized to be a combination of projected and personified part-objects and at the same time an integrating whole object. Various phenomena of group life are discussed from this viewpoint, notably the lability of the relationship with the leader, the externalization of various endopsychic regulations, and the conditions supporting the defensive utility of the leader for the group member. The foundation for the emergence of social roles and consensual perception of the group and its leadership becomes apparent. A strictly intrapsychic view is maintained throughout.     

Changing Concepts of Psychoanalytic Medicine Edited by Sandor Rado and George G. Daniels

A meta-analysis was conducted combining results from nine studies, using seventy-five outcome measures of 349 subjects. Only studies that contrasted group, individual, and control treatments with a pretest-posttest design were selected. Estimates of effect sizes were calculated for group, individual, and control treatments across all studies, according to treatment modality (psychotherapy, counseling, or psychoeducation), type of control (no treatment or some treatment), date of the study (1955–1969 or 1977–1982), and the subjects' age (adult, adolescent, or child). Results indicated that both group and individual treatments had a measurable effect that was consistently greater than that of controls. Further, (1) counseling produced much more of an effect than either therapy or psychoeducation; (2) the more recent treatments produced larger effects than the older studies; and (3) group treatments were more effective than individual methods in the treatment of adolescents, but were less effective in the treatment of children.     

Interpersonal Psychoanalysis: The Selected Papers of Clara M. Thompson Edited by Maurice Green

The aging process presents a challenge to the narcissism of the individual due to physical, social, and psychological changes and losses. There is a danger that mental health professionals may add to narcissistic trauma by underestimating the elderly patient's potential for change. An older adults group established on a short-term psychiatric unit is presented. Therapeutic principles and strategies are discussed which are aimed at helping the aged patients make restitution for losses and regain self-esteem through renewed engagement with their environment. The importance of cohesion and inclusion in the group is examined, with attention given to the particular needs and conflicts experienced by the older adult population. The use of techniques to promote the experience of mastery is also discussed.     

La Psychanalyse D'Aujourd' hui (Psychoanalysis of Today), Vol. I Edited by S. Nacht

In-depth group interaction occurred and was utilized by the leader in crisis-waiting-list groups where there was (1) minimal preparation of members; (2) frequent turnover of membership; and (3) little attention given to composition. Patients responded to the interpretation of negative and positive transferences and the here and now approach. The author concludes that the benefits of a nondirective leadership approach with this kind of group is often underutilized.