学龄儿童理解寓言、比喻詞的年龄特点

一 儿童在入学后,經过教学的影响,不但逐漸掌握了一些知識,而且在掌握方式上也发生着变化,这点在思維活动的特点上表現得特别明显。在学前儿童的心理活动中,占主导地位的是感性认識,如果說感性认識也包合着低級思維,即所謂具体的、形象的思維,那么到学龄期,儿童开始能从对事物的外部現象的认識逐漸过渡到对事物內部联系的认識,即所謂抽象的、邏輯的思維。这一变化影响着儿童整个心理活动,使之发生一些质变。儿童     

一年級学生理解应用题的心理分析

解答应用題不仅能帮助学生更好了解四則运算及其各种概念,使之获得运用知識和技能解决实际問題的能力,同时是培养学生思維能力的主要手段。因此,应用題是小学数学教学中的重点。 影响学生解題能力的因素甚多,如語文水平、运算技能、理解能力……等等。据了解,学生解題时最大困难是不善于分析題意,不能針对題目要求选择适当运算方法,有时卽使     

PRINCIPLES OF BUDDHISM

Abstract. This paper presents Buddhism as a path theory in which the adherent practices mindfulness in order to see the world as-it-is. The world as presented in a human situation is an interdependently originating process to which one can bring meaning but in which meaning is not inherent. The conceptualizing process by which one concretizes reality is the foundation on which human frustrations and disease arise. However, it is by this conceptualizing process that one establishes a cosmological view of the universe. The soteriological consideration in Buddhism is to realize that reality created by the mind is like an illusion, a concretization of an interdependently originating process into a substantive reality. Through this realization one can remove the delusion created by mind and see reality as-it-is.     

应用认知理论来认识和解除大学生的情绪困扰

大学生是一个特殊的群体,一些大学生深受不良情绪的困扰而产生诸多心理问题。认知的冲突和失调是产生不良情绪的重要原因之一。认知理论在解除大学生情绪困扰的过程中有其独到的作用: (1)帮助大学生发现并改变不合理信念;(2)有助于大学生树立“换个思路”的生活法则;(3)帮助大学生学会合理运用情绪想象技术; (4)有助于大学生学会客观地评价自我。     

儿童理解程度副词的特征

本实验用模糊数学方法研究4—9岁儿童对程度副词的理解特征。结果说明9岁儿童的理解达到了成熟水平;幼儿偏向于夸大理解程度副词的词义;7、8岁是发展的转折期。     

BUDDHISM,NATURALISM, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS

Owen Flanagan's important book The Bodhisattva's Brain presents a naturalized interpretation of Buddhist philosophy. Although the overall approach of the book is very promising, certain aspects of its presentation could benefit from further reflection. Traditional teachings about reincarnation do not contradict the doctrine of no self, as Flanagan seems to suggest; however, they are empirically rather implausible. Flanagan's proposed “tame” interpretation of karma is too thin; we can do better at fitting karma into a scientific worldview. The relationship between eudaimonist and utilitarian strands in Buddhist ethics is more complex than the book suggests. Flanagan is right to criticize incautious and imprecise claims that Buddhism will make practitioners happy. We can make progress by distinguishing between happiness in the sense of a Buddhist version of eudaimonia, and happiness in the sense of attitudinal pleasure. Doing so might result in an interpretation of Buddhist views about happiness that was simultaneously philosophically interesting, historically credible, and psychologically testable.     

自然语言理解的方法和途径

本文结合汉语处理的问题,叙述和讨论了国外有关计算机理解自然语言的某些主要的方法和途径。作者认为,从语言理解研究的发展过程来看,计算机理解自然语言的研究,已由最初的主要是属于语言学的问题,逐渐成为主要是认知心理学的问题。因而,只有深入了解人类理解语言的实际过程,才能建造出有效的理解自然语言的计算机系统。     

自然语言理解的并行处理

传统的自然语言理解的范式是:先对句子进行句法分析,然后在此基础上再进行语义分析,得到句子的意义结构。显然,这与人的语言理解是不同的。一些心理学实验表明,句子理解时句法和语义是同时起作用的。 本文提出一个自然语言理解的新的范式,即句法和语义同时加工的模式。如果仅用句法规则对句子进行分析,其结果往往有几个歧义的句法结构,而其中只有一个是正确的。句法加工的同时,再加入语义的工作,则只得到一个句法结构。联结主义正在认知科学界兴起,它给句法和语义并行加工提供了方法。本文使用局部联结模式实现语言理解并行处理的范式,并在计算机上编制了这样的程序,它可以理解简单的汉语句子。