先秦时期婚姻道德观的演化

在先秦时期,人们对于婚姻关系和婚姻观念的认识经历了一个复杂的演化过程.总的来说,婚姻关系由相对宽松和自由逐步过渡到严格和规范,婚姻观念亦从政治和社会生活领域内的"男女之别"渐次过渡到婚姻及家庭生活领域内的"从一而终",并最终使"夫为妻纲"的观念初步形成.婚姻道德的提出本身是对于婚姻及两性关系的规范,具有积极的社会意义,但是在男尊女卑的前提下,这种规范更多地表现为对于女性的片面的道德要求.     

基督教婚姻观 促进家庭和睦、社会和谐

家庭是以婚姻关系为纽带而组成的社会细胞,是构成社会的基本单元.婚姻受婚姻观念的影响和制约,作为价值观一部分的婚姻观会影响到人们择偶的标准,会影响人们对伴侣、对子女、对双方父母及其亲戚的态度,更会影响到家庭的幸福.     

一九八三年婚姻家庭道德研究综述

一、婚姻的基础问题 第一种意见认为,我国社会主义婚姻的道德基础既不同于封建主义的只强调封建义务而无视爱情的道德基础,也不同于资本主义的只强调个人的情欲而无视社会义务的道德基础;它是爱情和义务的统一。理由是: ①我国《婚姻法》维护的婚姻关系,是社会主义性质的婚姻关系。从婚姻家庭和社会的关系上看,要求夫妻双方以及其他家庭成员应该对社会尽义务。从婚姻家庭的内部关系上看,夫妻之间以及其他家庭成员之间的感情是建立在爱社会主义、爱祖国、爱劳动的共同生活理想之上,彼此之间形成崭新的同志式的互敬互爱,互相谅解、互相帮助的关系,以及夫妻双方应该履行各自的道德义务。婚姻的社会主义性质消除了私有制社会中爱情和婚姻     

论婚姻基础的变迁

婚姻基础是婚姻关系建立、存续、发展、解除的基本依据。其包括生物基础和社会基础,随着社会的进步,生产力发展水平的提高,不同阶段的社会的婚姻基础也随之发生变化,当然不同时期的文化、道德、政治等因素对其也有不可忽视的影响。发展到当代社会,婚姻的基础由家族利益转向个体利益,这种利益就是个体对于婚姻的生理上、物质上、感情与精神生活上等多方面的需求和满足。     

爱情婚姻关系增强及其伦理挑战

运用现代生物技术干预大脑功能,调节人的社会行为已成为可能。爱情婚姻关系增强是运用药物、基因技术等生物医学手段干预大脑的神经生理功能,增强夫妻间的情感强度、吸引力和"厮守",减少婚外情,降低离婚率,实现爱情忠贞、婚姻美满。但是爱情婚姻关系增强会破坏人的理性和自主,贬低人的尊严,是对神圣爱情的亵渎。其安全问题比其他人类增强形式更为严峻。它还会造成情感欺骗等一系列严重的伦理和社会问题。夫妻双方应用心和智慧经营婚姻,创造幸福的婚姻生活。     

婚姻,不轻言放弃

在离婚率逐渐攀升的现今,婚姻危机与离婚现象不容忽视.传统文化对当代社会婚姻关系的影响已经式微,人们对婚姻家庭原则的持守变得困难.以下六种因素,使离婚不再成为一道禁令,而是一种选择.1.宗教信条和规范已放松,人们在婚姻危机中,有了选择离婚的可能性.2.反对离婚的外在压力及社会对离婚的污名化已减轻;同时,人们对离婚的接受度也提高了.     

在婚姻关系中荣耀神

在现实生活中,因婚姻产生的社会问题不是单靠法律可以解决的。对此,基督教所倡导的婚姻观,正好可以从道德伦理方面给予一定的补足。本文旨在从基督教伦理的角度来探讨婚姻关系,使得基督教在促进社会和谐方面起到积极作用。     

杜绝家庭暴力 守护美好婚姻

美满和谐的婚姻关系人人渴求,然而近期家庭暴力事件常常见诸报端,让人对婚姻感到焦虑甚至恐惧。到底何谓家庭暴力?为什么会产生家庭暴力这种现象?怎样处理与预防家庭暴力事件?我们有必要对这个问题加以探讨,以避免家庭暴力事件的发生,进而维护美满的婚姻关系。     

婚姻矛盾突围

如果你结婚了,首先恭喜你;如果你结婚10年了,那就有登门求教的必要了。尽管中国目前的离婚率对美国而言只能望其项背,但仍不可忽视。婚姻关系虽没有达到岌岌可危的程度,可是离婚的风险正一路飙升。我们无法回避社会给婚姻带来的种种压力,只能求助于把婚姻的地基打得更深,筑的更牢,不至于让婚姻矛盾出现一道道裂缝,最后发展到土崩瓦解的难堪境地。     

因满足而幸福：婚姻期待研究回顾与展望

婚姻期待指在婚姻关系中, 个体对配偶和关系本身所期望达到、并认为可以达到的标准。婚姻期待的满足程度影响婚姻质量评价和婚姻满意度, 但受到期待弹性、夫妻沟通及归因风格等因素的调节。个体应对婚姻期待受挫的方式包括改变对方以及对现实进行理想化歪曲等。未来可从开发适用于中国文化的测量工具、深化影响婚姻期待的家庭因素研究、探索婚姻期待受挫的其它应对方式及开展婚姻期待的夫妻匹配研究等方向进行考察。     

Psychoanalysis, marital therapy, and object-relations theory

This paper attempts to indicate why psychoanalysts should be interested in marital therapy. It discusses the clinical advantages and disadvantages of marital therapy as compared to psychoanalysis, describes the contributions of the classical psychoanalytic viewpoint to marital therapy, and finally, attempts to complement the classical psychoanalytic viewpoint with an object-relations viewpoint which can illuminate marital dynamics and provide interpretive content during the course of marital therapy.     

Unemployment Effects on the Family and the Child: Interventions for Counselors

The author examines the effects of long-term unemployment on the family, the marital relationship, and, finally, the child. The impact of financial hardship, stress, and emotional upheaval are discussed as they affect the family system. Counseling interventions are presented to assist the counselor in addressing the needs of children in these families.     

The timing of psychosocial transitions and changes in women's lives: an examination of women aged 45 to 60

Sixty-four middle-class women from four cohorts aged 45, 50, 55, and 60 participated in a retrospective interview concerning psychosocial changes in their adult lives. Their responses provided self-report data relating to specific psychosocial changes, and judges who read the interview protocols provided independent ratings of major psychosocial transitions. The results indicated that major psychosocial transitions were more likely to be associated with phases of the family cycle than with chronological age; within the family cycle, transitions were more likely to occur during the preschool (28% of the women), launching (42% of the women), and postparental (33% of the women) phases than during the no children, school-age, or adolescent phases; transitions associated with the preschool and launching phases were characterized by dissatisfaction, personal disruption, marital unhappiness, and decreased personal development, whereas transitions associated with the postparental phase were characterized by personal mellowing and improved marital relations; and finally, numerous self-reported psychosocial changes were associated with family cycle phase, and a small number of changes was associated with chronological age.     

Understanding Betrayals in Marriage: A Synthesized Model of Forgiveness

Forgiveness is an issue that is problematic for many couples, particularly those in marital therapy. However, little attention has been paid to this construct in the psychological literature. The purpose of this article is to describe a synthesized model of forgiveness using constructs from multiple theories, including forgiveness, trauma recovery, cognitive-behavioral, family systems, and insight-oriented theories. Forgiveness is conceptualized as a process consisting of three stages, each of which has cognitive, behavioral, and affective components. Furthermore, these stages seem to parallel a person's natural response to traumatic stress. First, there is a response to the initial impact; second, there is an attempt to give the event some kind of meaning, or put it into context; and finally, the person begins to move forward and readjust. Forgiveness is conceptualized as attaining: (a) a realistic, nondistorted, balanced view of the relationship; (b) a release from being controlled by negative affect toward the participating partner; and (c) a lessened desire to punish the participating partner. Implications for marital therapy also are discussed.     

夫妻依恋风格、婚姻归因与婚姻质量的关系

本研究采用主—客体互倚模型(actor-partner interdependence model,APIM)的方法深入探讨夫妻的依恋风格、婚姻归因与自身及配偶感知到的婚姻质量之间的关系。以方便取样的方式在北京地区选取155对夫妻,采用Brennan等(1998)编制的亲密关系经历量表(ECR),Stander编制的婚姻归因量表(MAQ)和Spanier编制的婚姻质量问卷(DAS),要求夫妻双方分别报告其依恋风格、婚姻归因方式和感知到的婚姻质量。通过配对t检验、相关分析和结构方程模型分析发现:(1)夫妻对婚姻质量的总体知觉较为一致,但丈夫的婚姻满意度显著高于妻子;(2)夫妻双方在回避依恋和焦虑依恋两个分量表上不存在显著差异,但在婚姻归因上,妻子比丈夫表现出了更多的消极归因;(3)妻子的消极依恋显著地负向预测自身感知到的婚姻质量,而丈夫的消极依恋对自身感知到的婚姻质量没有显著影响;(4)在控制了丈夫、妻子的依恋风格、归因方式对其自身婚姻质量的主体效应之后,丈夫的依恋风格不能显著预测妻子感受到的婚姻质量,但其归因方式可以显著地预测妻子感受到的婚姻质量;然而妻子的归因方式并不能显著预测丈夫的婚姻质量。     

A review of marital rape

The current paper represents a comprehensive review of marital rape, including its legal history and numerous aspects of its perpetration and victimization. Specifically, this review focuses on theories and forms of marital rape, the scope of the problem, risk factors, resistance strategies, and marital rape's psychological and physical effects, and help-seeking behaviors and interventions for victims. Historically, marital rape has not been recognized as a criminal act; only recently has marital rape become illegal in all 50 states. Marital rape is a serious societal issue that is experienced by 10% to 14% of all married women and 40% to 50% of battered women. Marriages in which marital rape occurs have significantly higher rates of non-sexual violence and marital dissatisfaction, as well as lower ratings of marital quality. Victims who resist marital rape often employ verbal means of resistance. However, most of marital rape victims are either unable or afraid to resist sexual aggression by their husbands. Victims of marital rape experience significant levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, gynecological problems, and negative physical health symptoms. Victims of marital rape seek help from a variety of different resources. Seeking help from social service agencies and the law appears to be the most effective behaviors for ending marital rape. Stress inoculation therapy and cognitive processing therapy are promising treatments for victims of marital rape. The literature on marital rape is characterized by considerable methodological problems, and further research is needed to gain a better understanding of this problem.     

The Longitudinal Association of Marital Confidence,Time Spent Together,and Marital Satisfaction

Using three waves of dyadic data collected at 18‐month intervals from a community‐based sample of 610 newly married heterosexual couples (1 220 individuals), we examined the relationship between marital confidence, time spent together, and marital satisfaction using a modified actor‐partner interdependence model. Results indicate that after controlling for marital satisfaction and time spent together at Time 1, marital confidence around the time of marriage was associated with marital satisfaction approximately 3 years later. In addition, marital confidence was associated with how much time husbands and wives spent together at Time 2, which was related to marital satisfaction at Time 3. Tests of the mediating paths from marital confidence to marital satisfaction trended toward significance. The results suggest the importance of assessing for relationship confidence when working with couples in the early stages of their relationship.     

Reciprocity counseling: A rapid learning-based procedure for marital counseling

Existing marital counseling procedures have not been experimentally evaluated or generally have not been based on an experimentally derived theory. The present study formulated a model of marital discord based on reinforcement theory, developed a marital counseling procedure based on that theory and experimentally evaluated its effectiveness. The model viewed marital discord as the resultant of non-reciprocated reinforcement. The counseling procedures attempted to establish general marital reciprocity of reinforcement by teaching reciprocity in several specific areas of marital unhappiness. The reciprocity procedure was conducted for about 3–4 weeks with 12 couples, after first conducting a catharsis-type counseling as a control procedure. The results showed that the reciprocity procedure increased reported marital happiness, whereas the control procedure did not. Once reciprocity was achieved in a specific problem area, the benefits generalized somewhat to other yet-to-be counseled areas. The increase in marital happiness occurred for each of the specific areas of marital interaction, for 96 per cent of the clients, and was maintained and increased during the available follow-up period. These results indicate that the procedure is an effective, rapid and enduring method of producing marital happiness.     

Marital discord and childhood behavior problems

Measures of overt marital hostility, general marital adjustment, and children's behavior problems were obtained from the parents of 64 children referred to a child psychological clinic. Correlations between children's scores on measures of general marital unhappiness and overt marital hostility were compared. Overt marital hostility correlated significantly with many behavior problems of boys. However, neither general marital unhappiness nor overt marital hostility related to problem behaviors in girls. Specific findings and possible reasons for the differential results with respect to boys and girls were discussed.Special thanks to Robert Emery for his expertise regarding the analysis of our data.     

老年人配偶支持的特点及其与夫妻依恋、婚姻满意度的关系

分别从实际和期望支持、情感和物质支持两个维度考察了老年人配偶支持的特点,并且采用结构方程模型来检验配偶支持、夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度三者之间的关系.289位有配偶的城市社区老年人参加了本次问卷调查,年龄范围为60～88岁.重要他人问卷、老年人夫妻依恋问卷及Locke-Wallace婚姻调适测定问卷分别用来测量老年人的配偶支持、夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度情况.结果表明:(1)性别、年龄及受教育水平不同的老年人在配偶支持上存在显著差异;(2)老年人的配偶支持与夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度三者两两相关,配偶支持以夫妻依恋为中介影响婚姻满意度.