“大五”与五因素模型：两种不同的人格结构

随着词汇学取向的“大五”结构和理论取向的五因素模型的出现,人格研究者就人格分类系统的问题达成了初步的共识。“大五”结构和五因素模型在形式和内容上有很多相似之处,但二者在历史渊源、内容形式、基本性质、研究走向等方面都存在一定的差异。文章试图从以上方面明确二者的差异,以澄清相关的混淆和误解,并在文章结语部分对两种取向研究对中国人人格结构研究的启示进行了详细的分析     

一般人格因素：虚妄的杜撰还是真实的存在

一般人格因素(General Factor of Personality, GFP)是人格层次结构中处于最高阶的单一因素。该因素被认为是最一般的非认知人格因素,且一般人格因素分数高的人在进化中具有更好的适应性。自2007年Musek 提出该概念之后,一般人格因素研究已成为人格研究领域的重大热点问题。本文简要回顾了一般人格因素概念的历史源流,全面地介绍了一般人格因素的统计测量学证据、行为遗传学证据和一般人格因素与其它心理学变量的相关证据,并对现有的质疑与回应进行了概述。目前的研究表明从不同理论框架设计的人格问卷都能够提取一般人格因素,来自行为遗传学的多数证据支持一般人格因素的存在,一般人格因素被证明与社会适应性指标相关。最后,提出了一般人格因素未来研究的几点展望。     

西方"大五"人格结构模型的建立和适用性分析

本文旨在对西方“大五”人格结构模型的形成过程及其适用性进行系统的分析。“大五”模型是依据“词汇学假设”,通过对英文人格特质形容词的分析建立起来的,有着明显的西方文化特点。跨文化比较的结果中支持“大五”模型的研究大多使用“强制的一致性”策略,而“衍生的一致性”策略往往得出与“大五”不同的结论。对中国人人格结构的研究也得到了不同于“大五”的“大七”模型,预示了“大五”模型不适合中国人的人格特点。     

人格特质与认知操作关系的初步研究

本研究采用NEO PI R测试 ,以逻辑推理为认知操作指标 ,初步考察了人格特质与大学生认知操作的关系。结果表明 :①神经质、外倾性与逻辑推理有显著负相关 ,开放性则与之呈正相关 ;②人格特质和认知操作关系的偏相关分析与相关分析的结果基本一致 ;③多元逐步回归分析显示 ,外倾性与逻辑推理有负性预测关系 ,开放性及严谨性则与逻辑推理有正性预测关系 ;④人格特质与认知操作的关系受操作难度、认知任务和兴趣类型等因素制约。     

五因素取向人格测验的发展与比较

五因素取向人格测验是目前评价个体人格特质时被广泛应用的一大类重要人格测验工具。该类测验数量众多, 长度各异, 形式多样。根据其题目呈现的特点, 可将现有的30余种五因素取向人格测验分为自陈式、核检表式、非言语式三类。在不同研究和实践情境下, 各个五因素取向人格测验具有各自独特的优劣势, 信效度的变化都不同。在实际应用中, 应根据不同研究需求区别使用, 并注意测量目的、施测次数、测验长度、被试特点、文化差异性等对测验结果的影响。当前, 五因素取向人格测验的开发正向着简明、全面、跨文化方向发展。     

Personality,hedonic balance and the quality and quantity of sleep in adulthood

Objective: Sufficient and good-quality sleep is important for individual functioning. This study explored associations between personality and sleep duration and sleep quality in adulthood. The mediating role of hedonic balance and the moderating roles of age and sex were also explored.

Method: A nationally representative sample of Australian adults (n = 14,065; M_age = 44.4 years; 53.1% women) completed self-report measures of personality, sleep, hedonic balance and demographic variables (e.g. health status, employment status) in late 2013.

Results: After controlling for demographic variables, we found that high neuroticism was associated with poorer sleep quality, and both long and short sleep durations (a curvilinear relationship). Small effects were also observed relating high extraversion and low openness to better sleep quality. Hedonic balance mediated all linear and non-linear associations between personality and sleep. Additional moderator analyses showed that high openness was more strongly related to poor sleep quality among men and young adults. High neuroticism was more strongly related to poor sleep quality among men.

Conclusion: Findings indicate that personality is important for sleep in adulthood and that hedonic balance features a prominent role in this association.     

Behavior-analytic research on dementia in older adults

It is estimated that 1 in 10 adults aged 65 years and older have been diagnosed with dementia, which is associated with numerous behavioral excesses and deficits. Despite the publication of a special section of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) on behavioral gerontology (Iwata, 1986), there continues to be a paucity of behavior-analytic research with this population. This review compares the research published before and after the behavioral gerontology special section and evaluates the most recently published aging articles in JABA.     

Examination of Personality Characteristics in a Turkish Sample: Development of Basic Personality Traits Inventory

The aim of the present study was to test the cross-cultural validity of the five-factor nature of personality. For this aim, an indigenous, psychometrically strong instrument measuring the basic personality dimensions within Turkish culture and language was developed through three consecutive studies. The first study aimed to reveal the adjectives that have been most frequently used to define people in the Turkish culture. In the second study, factor analysis of these personality characteristics revealed big five personality factors, along with the sixth factor, which had been called as the Negative Valence factor. The adjectives that most strongly represented and differentiated each factor constituted 45-item “Basic Personality Traits Inventory”. Finally, in the third study, psychometric characteristics of the Basic Personality Traits Inventory were examined. Factor structure and psychometric properties of this instrument confirmed that five-factor nature of personality may not hold true in every culture.     

日本人格心理学研究动向及启示

日本人格心理学领域近几年的研究表明,对“大五”和“自我”的研究是其主要关注点,同时还重视对人际关系的研究,强调理论研究的应用化取向与研究方法的多元化和整合。但目前日本人格心理学研究仍然存在一定局限,对此加深认识,具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Personality profiles and health: Longitudinal evidence among Finnish adults

Kinnunen, M.‐L., Metsäpelto, R. L., Feldt, T., Kokko, K., Tolvanen, A., Kinnunen, U., Leppänen, E. & Pulkkinen, L. (2012). Personality profiles and health: Longitudinal evidence among Finnish adults. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 512–522. This study investigates the associations of longitudinal Big Five personality profiles with long‐term health in 304 adults (53% males). Personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness) were assessed at ages 33, 42, and 50. Subjective (self‐rated health, symptoms, psychological distress) and objective (body mass index, waist‐to‐hip ratio, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides) indicators of health were measured at ages 42 and 50. Five longitudinally stable personality profiles were extracted over 17 years by latent profile analysis. The levels of traits were the same in each profile at each age. Resilient individuals (N = 65; Neuroticism low, other traits high) had the best subjective health and Overcontrolled individuals (N = 40; Neuroticism high, other traits low) the poorest health over eight years. Reserved individuals (N = 25; high Conscientiousness, other traits low), Undercontrolled (N = 41; high Openness and Extraversion, low Conscientiousness), and Ordinary (N = 133; all traits scored medium) individuals were in the middle of these extremes in subjective health. No differences between the profiles were found in the objective indicators of health. Thus, overcontrol and resilience were most discriminative in terms of good health. Moreover, personality profiles revealed associations with health to be more nuanced than simply being composed of single traits. High Extraversion needed to be combined with high Conscientiousness (Resilients) in order to be associated with the best health; high Extraversion with low Conscientiousness (Undercontrolled) was associated with average health; and low Extraversion with high Neuroticism (Overcontrolled) was associated with the poorest health.     

Age Differences in the Variance of Personality Characteristics

In contrast to mean‐level comparisons, age group differences in personality trait variance have received only passing research interest. This may seem surprising because individual differences in personality characteristics are exactly what most of personality psychology is about. Because different proposed mechanisms of personality development may entail either increases or decreases in variance over time, the current study is exploratory in nature. Age differences in variance were tested by comparing the standard deviations of the five‐factor model domain and facet scales across two age groups (20 to 30 years old versus 50 to 60 years old). Samples from three cultures (Estonia, the Czech Republic and Russia) were employed, and two methods (self‐reports and informant‐reports) were used. The results showed modest convergence across samples and methods. Age group differences were significant for 11 of 150 facet‐level comparisons but never consistently for the same facets. No significant age group differences were observed for the five‐factor model domain variance. Therefore, there is little evidence for individual differences in personality characteristics being systematically smaller or larger in older as opposed to younger people. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding personality development. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology     

青少年学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系研究

通过对379名初中、高中和大学生样本的测查,考察了青少年学生大五人格维度与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明,外倾性是正性情感和生活满意度稳定有力的预测指标、神经质是负性情感稳定有力的预测指标,严谨性与生活满意度具有明显正相关,这三个维度与主观幸福感各维度的关系与国外已有的结论一致;开放性、宜人性与主观幸福感各维度的关系并没有验证Costa和McCrae(1982,1991)的结论。     

青少年人格、人口学变量与主观幸福感的关系模型

采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取了379名中学生和大学生样本,在多元相关分析的基础上,结合文献分析,采用结构方程建模技术,探讨了我国青少年学生人口学变量、人格维度和主观幸福感(SWB)的结构关系。结果表明,人口学变量中的年级和经济状况变量既与SWB有直接的关系,又通过大五人格中的神经质维度或外倾性维度对SWB有间接的效应,其中,经济状况对主观幸福感的正面效应较大,而性别和城乡变量则仅通过神经质和外倾性对SWB有微弱的间接效应;大五人格维度中,宜人性与SWB没有显著关系,开放性和严谨性通过神经质或外倾性与SWB存在间接效应,神经质和外倾性则对SWB有较强的直接预测力;结构方程模型验证了人格、人口学变量与SWB的这种关系。     

Personality and career success: Concurrent and longitudinal relations

The present research addresses the dynamic transaction between extrinsic (occupational prestige, income) and intrinsic (job satisfaction) career success and the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) of personality. Participants (N = 731) completed a comprehensive measure of personality and reported their job title, annual income and job satisfaction; a subset of these participants (n = 302) provided the same information approximately 10 years later. Measured concurrently, emotionally stable and conscientious participants reported higher incomes and job satisfaction. Longitudinal analyses revealed that, among younger participants, higher income at baseline predicted decreases in Neuroticism and baseline Extraversion predicted increases in income across the 10 years. Results suggest that the mutual influence of career success and personality is limited to income and occurs early in the career. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliable change in neuropsychological test scores is associated with brain atrophy in older adults

The reliable change index (RCI) is a commonly used method for interpreting change in neuropsychological test scores over time. However, the RCI is a psychometric method that, to date, has not been validated against neuroanatomical changes. Longitudinal neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from baseline and one-year follow-up visits were retrieved from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The RCI was used to identify participants showing reliable decline on memory (ADNI-Mem; N = 450) and executive functioning (ADNI-EF; N = 456) factor scores. For each factor score, two groups (reliable change vs. no reliable change) were matched on potential baseline confounding variables. Longitudinal neuroanatomical data were analysed using tensor-based morphometry. Analysis revealed that reliable change on ADNI-Mem was associated with atrophy in the medial temporal cortex, limbic cortex, temporal lobe and some regions of the parietal lobe. Similar atrophy patterns were found for reliable change on ADNI-EF, except that atrophy extended to the frontal lobe and the atrophy was more extensive and of higher magnitude. The current study not only validates clinical usage of the RCI with neuroanatomical evidence of associated underlying brain change but also suggests patterns of likely brain atrophy when reliable cognitive decline is detected.     

Hypermaturity and Immaturity of Personality Profiles in Adolescents

Five‐year longitudinal data on a cohort of early to middle adolescents (N = 923) and a cohort of middle to late adolescents (N = 390) were used to examine the correlates of hypermaturity (i.e. 12‐year‐olds with a personality profile resembling the profile of an average 20‐year‐old) and immaturity (i.e. 20‐year‐olds with a personality profile resembling the profile of an average 12‐year‐old) of personality. Analyses revealed that girls with high levels of hypermaturity exhibited high levels of internalizing problem behaviour and conflict with parents, while hypermaturity in boys was only associated with internalizing problems. Immature girls had low levels of anxiety and high levels of minor delinquency, whereas immature boys reported low levels of anxiety and high levels of physical maturity. These findings suggest that off‐time personality development is an interesting concept deserving further exploration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.