道德与自然:"形上之道"与"形而上学"的本质区别

在中国传统“形上之道”与西方“Metaphysics（形而上学）”两者都是对超经验的形上事物的研究,但是也存在着根本的不可通约的区别：“形而上学”是着眼于从认识论求“真”的角度来研究的关于自然本体论的“知识”,即“自然形而上学”;而中国的“形上之道”更多地表现为求“善”的内心体验式的对道德境界的追求和精神寄托,即“道德形而上学”。产生区别的内在原因是传统西方以“主客两分”为特征的理性传统与传统中国以“天人合一”为特征的德性传统的不同。     

从“两个对子”到“两大形态”——论马克思主义哲学评价的层次与标准

在《否定的辩证法》中 ,阿多尔诺把马克思主义哲学归结为形而上学 ,主张“把马克思叫做形而上学家”(阿多尔诺 ,第 14 - 15页 ) 。 现代西方一些哲学家 ,如海德格尔等 ,则认为“哲学即形而上学” (海德格尔 ,第 6 8页 ) ,马克思哲学与其他的西方哲学流派如尼采哲学并无本质区别 ,充其量只是在形而上学的模式下对传统形而上学的颠倒 ,但仍是一种形而上学。这种观点也同样存在于国内的马克思主义哲学研究当中。特别是近几年出现的所谓“学院派” ,坚持用各种现代西方哲学理论甚至用各种各样的本体论来“诠释”和“重建”马克思哲学 ,一些人甚…     

中西形而上学的异通发微

中国传统哲学属于境界形态的形而上学 ,它与西方的自亚里士多德以来的实体形态的形而上学不同。亚氏的形而上学是由对是的逻辑分析开始的 ,即由对逻辑命题的分析而寻找不变的实体存在。亚氏的思维方式对西方文化产生了深远的影响。中国传统哲学则不然 ,它是由“省身”、“尽心、知性、知天”、“思诚”、“静观”、“玄览”、觉悟而去认识世界的本体 ,这种形而上学固然是境界形态的。至于现代 ,西方哲学出现了转向 ,存在主义者海德格尔对存在 (是 )作了新的诠释 ,海氏的诠释在某种意义上与中国传统哲学有契合之处 ,这从一个侧面说明了中国传统哲学所潜含的现代意义。     

从尼采的“上帝之死”到福柯的“人之死”

因尼采探讨了道德价值的起源，区分了两种道德，倡导强者道德，重估一切价值，抨击西方文明，设计未来生活，人们通常正确地把尼采视作道德哲学家和文化批评家。然而海德格尔坚持认为，尼采还是一位形而上学家，虽然他仅是最后一位形而上学家，他完成了形而上学的终结。’尼采认为，重估一切价值，是他对于人类最高的自我肯定活动所提出的公式。在《西方的没落》中，斯宾格勒认为，正是由于尼采的“价值重估”，现时代的精神运动才最终找到了自己的公式。然而，价值重估的前提是“上帝之死”。毫无疑问，尼采给西方哲学带来的颤栗与他的“上…     

何谓“中国哲学的机遇”——试论叶秀山先生的哲学观

混沌是“存在者”和“非存在者”的合一,也是“时间性”本身,不同哲学传统“凿开”混沌的方式是不同的,西方哲学从时间性中开显出了空间性,由此发展出了形而上学传统,而中国具有和西方完全不同的“开凿”混沌的方式,从而更多地保留了“时间性”,这体现在中国思想对历史的重视,史学发达并承担了哲学的功能等等。叶秀山先生提出的“朝阳”和“落日”的隐喻,指出当面对正午时刻的西方哲学时,才出现了“中国哲学的合法性”这个问题,而在当今西方哲学的落日时刻,中国哲学则面临着新的机遇和希望,落日也意味着玄思和重生,至暗时刻背后蕴含着未来的曙光。     

中西宗教观演进的比较

本文通过对中西宗教观的比较,指出中国和西方在文化价值观念、神人观念、“来世”观念方面存在巨大差异,“宗教在中西社会中的地位和作用及王权和教权在中西社会中的地位和作用也完全不同,从而解答了为何没有一种宗教在中国取得统治地位的问题,说明了中国哲学和文化虽与西方哲学和文化不同,但同样具有超越性。本文认为,中国文化价值观是以家庭为本位,以“忠”“孝”为核心的人生追求和伦理标准,它主张“天人合一”,总是以儒家伦理道德体系改造外来宗教,使之为世俗王权服务;由此决定了几大宗教都不可能在中国占统治地位,而把中国的宗教观硬装入西方的理性模式也是不可能成功的。     

从"本体——工夫"维度看中国传统道德理念的内在结构

中国传统道德文化复杂多样,经过两千多年的历史发展和演进,形成了名目繁多、内涵丰富的诸多道德规范或德目。本文从中国传统哲学的本体-工夫思维模式,对中国传统道德理念进行重新排序和定位,提出了二维四面三层次的内在结构模式。中国传统道德文化是一个整体性的存在,具有普遍性与超越性的内在深层结构,正是这一整体性的存在和具有某种普遍性和超越性的内在深层结构,为其现代践行提供了可能性和有效性的理论依据。     

康德的形而上学革命

康德的形而上学革命强以华在所谓“传统形而上学”的范围内,康德实际上已发动了一场革命,其影响直接波及现代西方哲学。只有清楚认识了这场革命的内容和重要作用,才能对康德哲学的地位作出恰如其分的评价,并更好地理解现代西方哲学。一、康德形而上学革命的前提形而上学是西方古典哲学的主流,它是早在古希腊哲学、特别是亚里士多德哲学中确立的一门以超越感性事物的、比感性事物更实在更有价值的东西为研究对象的学科。根据亚里士多德的论述,形而上学（即他所谓的“第一哲学”）的对象是“作为存在的存在”（“作为有的有”）或存在本…     

"内在"与"超越"——方东美论中国哲学之精神及其发展

方东美阐发中国哲学之精神,是以整体的西方哲学为对照,在中西交融的世界宏观文化背景下对中国哲学的一次整体透视。他从形而上学的层面来把握中西哲学的精神,并从中西形而上学的比较中将中国哲学界定为"内在超越"型态。他认为,中国哲学的根本精神就在于圆融和谐的精神,即所谓"广大和谐之道",他以此作为对西方"二元对立"思想的超胜之道。同时,他从机体形上学的观点,将原始儒家、原始道家、大乘佛学和新儒家看作中国哲学精神的共同代表。要之,方东美对中国哲学精神的探讨,确是别开生面,但又难免其理论的局限性。     

哲学的转向与生命美学的内涵

以古希腊的理性和古希伯来的信仰构建的"双希"文明构成了西方形而上学的传统,压抑了人的现实和感性的生命。黑格尔之后,西方哲学普遍回到生命活动本身,这一过程可以称之为哲学的肉身化,同时哲学和美学的界限也不再清晰。现代哲学不再一味追求生命的超越,而是将生命的美定位于当下的发生。同时伴随着现代化的祛魅,审美因其对现实性与超越性的兼顾而具有取代旧的宗教信仰的功能。不同于西方传统对感性生命的漠视,中国传统哲学有重生的传统,但是具有虚幻性,只能称之为心性论的生命美学,因此也需要完成现代化的转型。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.