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1.
The Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE) website is devoted to women at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.
One of the most frequently discussed topics on the archived messaged board has been prophylactic mastectomy (PM) for women
with a BRCA1/2 mutation. We reviewed the messages, over a 4 year period, of 21 high risk women and their “conversational”
partners who originally posted on a thread about genetic testing, genetic counseling and family history. We used a qualitative
research inductive process involving close reading, coding and identification of recurrent patterns, relationships and processes
in the data. The women sought emotional support, specific experiential knowledge and information from each other. They frequently
found revealing their post PM status problematic because of possible negative reactions and adopted self-protective strategies
of evasion and concealment outside of their web-based community. The FORCE message board was considered to be a safe place
in which the women could be truthful about their choices and feelings. Results are discussed in terms of Goffman’s concepts
“stigma” and “disclosure” and Charmaz’s concepts “interruptions,” “intrusions” and a “dreaded future.” 相似文献
2.
Wonkam A Njamnshi AK Mbanya D Ngogang J Zameyo C Angwafo FF 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(5):476-485
Little is known about attitudes of parents of Sickle Cell Anemia patients in sub-Saharan Africa regarding prenatal genetic
diagnosis and termination of an affected pregnancy. In this study, structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with
a sample of 130 parents in Cameroon that had at least one living child with Sickle Cell Anemia. The majority of participants
lived in urban areas (89%), were female (80%), Christian (93%), married (60.2%) in monogamous households (81.1%), were employed
(61.7%), and had at least a secondary or tertiary education (82%). The majority of parents accepted the principle of prenatal
genetic diagnosis for Sickle Cell Anemia (89.8%) and termination of pregnancy (62.5%). Acceptance of the principle of pregnancy
termination increased with unemployment (p < .01) and single marital status (p < .05). The results of this study suggest Cameroonian parents with children affected with Sickle Cell Anemia generally accept
the principles of prenatal diagnosis and in some cases termination of a pregnancy affected with Sickle Cell Anemia. Additional
findings, policy and practice implications, and research recommendations are presented. 相似文献
3.
4.
Jürgen Oelkers 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2000,19(1-2):3-19
In 20th century’s European theory of education there was little interest in philosophy ofdemocracy. John Dewey’sDemocracy and Education was translated in nearly every European language but did not become the center of discussion. Even “radical education” was
much more childcentered than open to radical questions of political democracy. This article discusses the problem in two respects,
first the tension between neo-liberalism’s concept of individuality and public education, and second the future problems of
a theory of “democratic education”after Dewey. The aim is to overcome traditional European dualisms like that of “citizen”or “man” i.e. to pave the way for a post-Rousseauian theory of education.
Inaugural lecture upon taking office at the University of Zurich on 22nd November 1999. 相似文献
5.
Patrick Stokes 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(4):485-507
The ancient problem of whether our asymmetrical attitudes towards time are justified (or normatively required) remains a live
one in contemporary philosophy. Drawing on themes in the work of McTaggart, Parfit, and Heidegger, I argue that this problem
is also a key concern of Kierkegaard’s Either/Or (1843). Part I of Either/Or presents the “aesthete” as living a temporally volatilized form of life, devoid of temporal location, sequence and direction.
Like Parfit’s character “Timeless,” these aesthetes are indifferent to the direction of time and seemingly do not experience
McTaggart’s “A-Series” mode of temporality. The “ethical” conception of time that Judge William offers in Part II contains
an attempt to normativize the direction of time, by re-orienting the aesthete towards an awareness of time’s finitude. However,
the form of life Judge William articulates gives time sequentiality but not necessarily the robust directionality necessary to justify (and make normative) our asymmetrical attitudes to time. Hence while Either/Or raises this problem it remains unanswered until The Concept of Anxiety (1844). Only with the eschatological understanding of time developed in The Concept of Anxiety does Kierkegaard answer the question of why directional and asymmetrical conative and affective attitudes towards time are
normative. 相似文献
6.
This study investigated whether preservice teachers’ attitudes surrounding school grade labels influenced interpretations
and recall of children’s classroom behavior using the automatic attitude activation model (Fazio, In R. M. Sorrentino & E.
T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 1986) as a theoretical framework. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: The expectation of viewing
a video of children in schools labeled as “A,” “F,” or “typical” as a result of the school’s aggregated student performance
on standardized tests. Results indicated that participants who believed that they were viewing a video of an “F” classroom
recalled more negative and fewer positive behaviors compared to the “typical” classroom. Likewise, there was a trend for participants
to recall more negative and fewer positive behaviors when viewing a video of an “F” compared to an “A” school. Therefore,
negative attitudes about a school label of “F” biased preservice teachers’ perceptions and memories of children’s classroom
behaviors.
相似文献
Tracy LinderholmEmail: |
7.
L. Brent Hafen Rebecca S. Hulinsky Sara Ellis Simonsen Stephanie Wilder Nancy C. Rose 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(4):395-400
In order to evaluate the utility of genetic counseling at the time of first trimester screening in patients with no previously
identified genetic concerns, we reviewed family history data for 700 women seen for genetic counseling in Utah during 2005-2006.
The mean maternal age was 35 years (Range: 16–47 years). The majority of patients seen were non-Jewish Caucasians (90.8%,
634/700). A three-generation pedigree was obtained from each woman by one of two certified genetic counselors and subsequently
classified as “negative” (no birth defects/genetic disorders); “positive” (birth defect or genetic condition with a minimal/low
risk of recurrence; additional evaluation/genetic testing during pregnancy not indicated); or “significant” (birth defect
or genetic condition with an increased risk of recurrence; additional evaluation/genetic testing during the pregnancy indicated).
About 72% (501/700) of the histories were negative, 19% (134/700) were positive, and about 9% (65/700) were significant. Among
patients with significant family histories, 66% (n = 43) were women less than 35 years of age. We conclude that assessing a patient’s family history at the time of first trimester
serum screening is a valuable resource for pregnancy management. 相似文献
8.
“Three generations under one roof” is an old Chinese saying used to describe a desired living arrangement. The traditional
concept of happiness for a Chinese elderly person is being able to “play with grandchildren with candy in mouth, enjoy life
with no cares.” In a fast-changing economy like China, how does society, especially the elderly themselves, view these traditional
values? Using the 2005 Chinese General Social Survey, we study the determinants of happiness of the Chinese elderly. We are
particularly interested in whether living with their child and whether living with their grandchild affect the happiness of
the elderly. An important empirical concern is that unobserved permanent income may affect both the living arrangements of
the elderly and their level of happiness. We include property ownership variables as proxies and also adopt an instrument
variable approach to identify the causal relationship between the elderly’s happiness and their living arrangements. We find
that, conditional on living with a grandchild, living with one’s child has a negative effect on the elderly’s happiness. Furthermore,
elderly Chinese who live with grandchildren are associated with a much higher degree of happiness than their counterparts. 相似文献
9.
Ginger J. Tsai Carrie A. Cameron Jennifer L. Czerwinski Hector Mendez-Figueroa Susan K. Peterson Sarah Jane Noblin 《Journal of genetic counseling》2017,26(5):1041-1058
Recognizing the heterogeneity of the Asian population with regards to acculturation, education, health awareness, and cultural values is vital for tailoring culturally sensitive and appropriate care. Prior studies show that cultural values influence perceptions of genetics within Asian populations. The reputation of the family unit factors into decisions such as pregnancy termination and disclosure of family medical history, and the nondirective model of American genetic counseling may conflict with the historical Asian model of paternalistic health care. Previous studies also provide conflicting evidence regarding correlations between education, acculturation, age, and awareness and perceptions of genetic testing. The aims of this study were to describe attitudes towards prenatal genetics among Southeast and East Asian women living in the United States for varying amounts of time and to explore sociocultural factors influencing those attitudes. Twenty-three Asian women who were members of Asian cultural organizations in the United States were interviewed via telephone about their attitudes towards prenatal genetic counseling, prenatal genetic testing, and termination of pregnancy. Responses were transcribed and coded for common themes using a thematic analysis approach. Four major themes emerged. In general, participants: (1) had diverse expectations for genetic counselors; (2) tended to weigh risks and benefits with regards to genetic testing decisions; (3) had mixed views on termination for lethal and non-lethal genetic conditions; and (4) identified cultural factors which influenced testing and termination such as lack of available resources, societal shame and stigma, and family pressure. These findings may allow prenatal genetic counselors to gain a richer, more nuanced understanding of their Asian patients and to offer culturally tailored prenatal genetic counseling. 相似文献
10.
11.
张世英 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(1):143-155
Early in Aristotle’s terminology, and ever since, “essence” has been conceived as having two meanings, namely “universality”
and “individuality”. According to the tradition of thought that has dominated throughout the history of Western philosophy,
“essence” unequivocally refers to “universality”. As a matter of fact, however, “universality” cannot cover Aristotle’s definition
and formulation of “essence”: Essence is what makes a thing “happen to be this thing.” “Individuality” should be the deep
meaning of “essence”. By means of an analysis of some relevant Western thoughts and a review of cultural realities, it can
be concluded that the difference between the attitudes toward things of the natural sciences and the humane sciences mainly
lies in the fact that the former focus on the pursuit of universal regularity, whereas the latter go after the value and significance
of human life. The movement from natural things to cultural things is a process in which essence shifts from universality
to individuality. It is the author’s contention that what should be stressed in the fields of human culture and society is
the construction of an ideal society that is “harmonious yet not identical”, on the basis of respecting and developing individual
peculiarity and otherness.
Translated by Zhang Lin from Beijing daxue xuebao 北京大学学报 (Journal of Peking University), 2007, (11): 23–29 相似文献
12.
Mothering is generally considered women’s major source of identity and satisfaction. But mothering can also bring misery when
children develop anti-social behaviors. The rather limited literature on this topic refers to by the term “parent abuse,”
with mothers reportedly the usual victims. The present study analyzed the types of abuse by adolescent and adult children
reported by women in a community sample. The data come from in-depth life review interviews with 60 women aged between 40
and 65 when initially interviewed, and re-interviewed 5 years later. All women lived in the lower-income western suburbs of
Sydney, Australia. Two major categories of abuse were identified: acting-out (including physical attacks and threats) and
psychological. Seventy percent of perpetrators were male. Mothers’ explanations for the behavior included family dysfunction,
child’s personality, child’s mental illness, social and cultural influences, and gender power imbalance. Strategies used to
handle the behaviors were related to these explanations. Compared to older mothers, those aged in their 40s were likely to
see the problem as belonging to the child rather than themselves, and were more proficient in accessing community services. 相似文献
13.
CHEN Lisheng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2010,5(1):1
The different meanings of “courage” in The Analects were expressed in Confucius’ remark on Zilu’s bravery. The typological analysis of courage in Mencius and Xunzi focused on the shaping of the personalities of brave persons. “Great courage” and “superior courage”, as the virtues of “great men” or “shi junzi 士君子 (intellectuals with noble characters)”, exhibit not only the uprightness of the “internal sagacity”, but also the rich implications of the “external kingship”. The prototype of these brave persons could be said to be between Zengzi’s courage and King Wen’s courage. The discussion entered a new stage of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, when admiration for “Yanzi’s great valor” became the key of various arguments. The order of “the three cardinal virtues” was also discussed because it concerned the relationship between “finished virtue” and “novice virtue”; hence, the virtue of courage became internalized as an essence of the internal virtuous life. At the turn of the 20th century, when China was trembling under the threat of foreign powers, intellectuals remodeled the tradition of courage by redefining “Confucius’ great valor”, as Liang Qichao did in representative fashion in his book Chinese Bushido. Hu Shi’s Lun Ru 论儒 (On Ru) was no more than a repetition of Liang’s opinion. In the theoretical structures of the modern Confucians, courage is hardly given a place. As one of the three cardinal virtues, bravery is but a concept. In a contemporary society where heroes and sages exist only in history books, do we need to talk about courage? How should it be discussed? These are questions which deserve our consideration. 相似文献
14.
Gerhard Schurz 《Synthese》2011,178(2):307-330
While “scientism” is typically regarded as a position about the exclusive epistemic authority of science held by a certain
class of “cultured despisers” of “religion”, we show that only on the assumption of this sort of view do purportedly “scientific”
claims made by proponents of “intelligent design” appear to lend epistemic or apologetic support to claims affirmed about
God and God’s action in “creation” by Christians in confessing their “faith”. On the other hand, the hermeneutical strategy
that better describes the practice and method of Christian theologians, from the inception of theological reflection in the
Christian tradition, acknowledges the epistemic authority of the best available tests for truth in areas of human inquiry
such as science and history. But this strategy does not assume that such tests, whose authority must be regarded as provisional,
provides authority for the warrant of affirming claims constituting the confessed “faith”. By attributing theological import
to claims advanced by appeal to the best available tests for truth in the practice of science, supporters of ID not only confuse
the epistemic authority of these tests with the normative authority of a faith community’s confessional identity, but impute
to scientific tests for truth a sort of authority that even goes beyond the “methodological naturalism” against which they
counterpose their claims. 相似文献
15.
Despite increased visibility and availability of prenatal testing procedures, very little is known about the attitudes among
the populace toward these procedures. Using a computer assisted telephone interview of pregnant and non-pregnant women of
childbearing age we analyze awareness and attitudes regarding prenatal tests among a diverse group of women of childbearing
age in Texas. We also examine maternal characteristics associated with awareness and the willingness to undergo these procedures.
While 89% were aware that such tests are available, younger, black and less educated women were less likely to know about
prenatal tests for birth defects. Seventy-two percent of respondents said they would want their baby tested while Hispanic
and black women were significantly more likely to express an interest than non-Hispanic whites. This study demonstrates the
variability of knowledge and beliefs and confirms the importance of taking time to understand an individual’s personal beliefs,
knowledge and attitudes about prenatal diagnosis. 相似文献
16.
Treena Orchard 《Sexuality & culture》2007,11(1):3-27
In the popular imagination and certain academic fields, sex workers’ experiences of sexuality and intimate relationships are
often “naturalized,” to the point where they are assumed to be deviant or completely different than those of women in mainstream
society. Researchers and sex worker organizations are challenging these reified constructions by examining more diverse and
representative models of sexuality and relationships. However, the experiences of women selling sex in the “third world” are
consistently portrayed as violent, non-pleasurable, and oppressive, characteristics often applied universally to “third world
women.” Using data from ethnographic field work with girls and women who belong to theDevadasi (servant/slave of the God) tradition of sex work in rural Karnataka, India, this paper examines the cultural dynamics of
sexuality and relationships. Gender and dominant models of feminine identity emerge as powerful factors in shaping these facets
of life, producing experiences amongDevadasis that are similar to those of other Indian women. Yet,Devadasis also encounter additional constraints in their lives because of their participation in the morally and culturally contestedDevadasi system. These data contribute to emerging research that destabilizes images of sex workers as “different” from other women,
while also highlighting the impact of tradition on sexual mores and relationship structure in this unique cultural context. 相似文献
17.
John J. Furedy 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2002,38(1):3-16
This paper offers an interpretation of the relation between Pavlov’s life and work and the missions of the Pavlovian Society,
both past (“observation and observation”) and present (“interdisciplinary research on the integrated organism”). I begin with
an acount of Pavlov's life and his influence on contemporary thought. I then indicate the relation of some of Pavlov's attitudes
(e.g., his motto, his epistemological stance) to the Society's past mission. In the concluding and most controversial section,
I argue for six guiding principles derived from Pavlov, to be applied to the Society’s mission. These are: (a) a confident
methodological behaviorism; (b) a significant role assigned to both physiological and psychological factors in the prediction
and control of the integrated organism; (c) approximately equal taxonomic precision of physiological and psychological explanatory concepts; (d) distrust of toleological
explanatory concepts; (e) rejection of psychology’s instrumentalist “cognitive paradigm shift”; and (f) rejection of the representational
theory of knowledge. 相似文献
18.
Jaan Valsiner 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2005,40(4):218-242
This article discusses the early psychological traditions developed at Clark University under the guidance of G. Stanley Hall.
Anthropology and cultural psychology are both rooted in the notion that humans are social beings. That idea constituted a
brief moment of theoretical unity between psychology and anthropology in the study of human language in its psychological
functions. In that context, the work of Alexander Chamberlain is explored as a major contribution. Chamberlain—if viewed in
the jargon of our contemporary social scientists—was deeply “interdisciplinary” in his work. Despite the positive meaning
of the term “interdisciplinary” in contemporary discourse about the social sciences, the realities of social organization
of any science entail separation rather than integration. Chamberlain’s work took place in parallel in anthropology and in
developmental psychology under the interdisciplinary emphasis of “child study” as set up by G. Stanley Hall. Hall made child
study the distinctive feature of the “Clark tradition” of psychology. Chamberlain’s work constituted both the beginning and
the end of the (miniscule) “Clark tradition” in anthropology. 相似文献
19.
Ronald A. Beghetto 《Social Psychology of Education》2007,10(2):171-191
This study examined the relationship between prospective teachers’ (N = 166) retrospective perceptions of their own past achievement goals and their current beliefs about students’ goal orientations
and achievement behaviors. Results of hierarchical regression analysis provide correlation evidence in support of a “carry-over
effect” of prospective teachers’ past goal orientations on their current beliefs about students. Specifically, prospective
teachers’ were found to believe that their future students will pursue goal orientations analogous to their own past goal
orientations. In addition, prospective teachers’ explanations for why students might engage in or avoid achievement-directed
behaviors were examined. Regardless of past goal orientation, “internal motives” (e.g., improvement and self-satisfaction)
represented the most frequent explanation offered by prospective teachers for why students engage in achievement behaviors.
Prospective teachers with past performance-approach goals were significantly more likely to view avoidance as a sign of “laziness,”
whereas those with past performance-avoidant goals were more likely to view avoidance as resulting from a “lack of confidence
and support.” Implications for subsequent research are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Terrie Schauer 《Sexuality & culture》2005,9(2):42-64
The article deals with a number of Internet sites claiming to specialize in providing pornography for heterosexual women,
as a vehicle to examine the nascent “gaze” and visual parameters of heterosexual female sexuality. The focus here is semiotic—looking
at visual coding of website images rather than audience reception (i.e., whether heterosexual women are actually the main
consumers of women’s porno). Motivation for this decision is discussed. Theoretically, the article draws from Butler’s performative
notions of sexuality in anchoring discussion. The remainder of the article does a comparative textual analysis of nine pornographic
Internet sites, three of which label themselves “for women.” Findings are as follows: “Women’s porno” fuses the matter and
anti-matter of men’s homo- and heterosexual pornography, in the process engendering an active, sexually interested, heterosexual
female gaze and typifying Butler notion of “insurrectionary speech.” 相似文献