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1.
Fritz Allhoff 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(1):1-19
This paper explores the relationships that various applied ethics bear to each other, both in particular disciplines and more
generally. The introductory section lays out the challenge of coming up with such an account and, drawing a parallel with
the philosophy of science, offers that applied ethics may either be unified or disunified. The second section develops one
simple account through which applied ethics are unified, vis-à-vis ethical theory. However, this is not taken to be a satisfying
answer, for reasons explained. In the third section, specific applied ethics are explored: biomedical ethics; business ethics;
environmental ethics; and neuroethics. These are chosen not to be comprehensive, but rather for their traditions or other
illustrative purposes. The final section draws together the results of the preceding analysis and defends a disunity conception
of applied ethics. 相似文献
2.
Matthew Duperon 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2018,21(1):4-20
This article explores the disconnection between ethical theory and ethical practice in ethics courses at secular U.S. colleges and universities. In such contexts academic ethics focuses almost exclusively on “ethical reasoning” and leaves the business of practical moral formation of students in the realm of “student life.” I argue this disconnection is inevitable given the dominant understanding that moral formation must be guided by a consistent ethical theory, and must eventuate in certain prosocial behaviors, while norms of pluralism and free inquiry mandate that academic courses not attempt to dictate certain views or behaviors as normative. Drawing on the Confucian model of moral cultivation expressed by the early Chinese figure Mengzi, I argue for a different understanding of moral formation that focuses on open‐endedness, self‐direction, and the acquisition of skills in directing attention and will. This approach avoids the most serious challenges to practical moral formation in secular contexts, and I suggest some broadly applicable principles for implementing these ideas in ethics courses. 相似文献
3.
Carter MA 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2000,21(3):217-234
This paper attempts to sort out some of the current tensions and ambiguities inherent in the field of bioethics as it continues to mature. In particular it focuses on the question of the methodological relevance of theory or ethical principles to the domain of clinical ethics. I offer an approach to reasoning about moral conflict that combines the insights of contemporary moral theorists, the philosophy of American pragmatism, and the skills of rhetorical deliberation. This synthetic approach locates a proper role for moral theory in the practice of clinical ethics, thus linking abstract philosophical ideas about morality, humanity, suffering, and health to specific deeds, actions, and decisions in the concrete lives of particular individuals. The aim of this synthetic approach of bioethical inquiry is a rapprochement between theoretical knowledge in moral philosophy and the contextualized, relational, and practical understanding of what morality demands of us in our daily lives. I argue for a conception of bioethical inquiry that takes morality to be a study of certain practical, socially embedded concerns about matters of right and wrong, good and evil, as well as a study of the moral theories by which these actual concerns can be explored and critically evaluated. 相似文献
4.
Tom Sorell 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2011,14(4):369-382
Principlism is the approach promoted by Beauchamp and Childress for addressing the ethics of medical practice. Instead of
evaluating clinical decisions by means of full-scale theories from moral philosophy, Beauchamp and Childress refer people
to four principles—of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Now it is one thing for principlism to be invoked
in an academic literature dwelling on a stock topic of medical ethical writing: end-of-life decisions, for example. It is
another when the topic lies further from the mainstream. In such cases the cost of reaching for the familiar Beauchamp and
Childress framework, with its formulaic set of concerns, may be to miss something morally important. After discussing an example
of the sort of academic literature I have in mind, I propose to distinguish the uses of the formulaic from the uses of the
more unapologetically theoretical in applied ethics, and to suggest that the latter can make up for some of the limitations
of the former. This is not to say that the more theoretical literature has no limitations of its own, or that it should take
the place of the formulaic. On the contrary, there is room in applied ethics and a use in applied ethics for both. But there
is a sense in which there is a greater dependence of principlism on theory than the other way round, and at the end I try
to spell out the significance of this fact. 相似文献
5.
Business Ethics without Philosophers? Evidence for and Implications of the Shift From Applied Philosophers to Business Scholars on the Editorial Boards of Business Ethics Journals
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Peter Seele 《Metaphilosophy》2016,47(1):75-91
This article considers the relationship between business ethics and philosophy, specifically in relation to the field and persons working in it. The starting point is a grammatical one: business ethics by the rules of grammar belongs to ethics. In terms of academic disciplines, it belongs to applied ethics, which belongs to ethics, which belongs to practical philosophy, which belongs to philosophy. However, in the field of business ethics today one will seldom meet colleagues from philosophy; instead, they will come from business, applying business studies perspectives, approaches, and increasingly quantitative methods. This article provides empirical evidence that today the three top journals with “business ethics” in their titles (and “awarded” a high impact factor) are mostly run (in terms of their editorial boards) by business scholars with PhDs in business. The article compares the three journals today with their inaugural issues and finds that at their inception all three were run by a majority of philosophers. The article discusses six possible explanations for this shift and provides suggestions for how to bring business ethics back to philosophers (and vice versa). 相似文献
6.
The realities of human agency and decision making pose serious challenges for research ethics. This article explores six major challenges that require more attention in the ethics education of students and scientists and in the research on ethical conduct in science. The first of them is the routinization of action, which makes the detection of ethical issues difficult. The social governance of action creates ethical problems related to power. The heuristic nature of human decision making implies the risk of ethical bias. The moral disengagement mechanisms represent a human tendency to evade personal responsibility. The greatest challenge of all might be the situational variation in people’s ethical behaviour. Even minor situational factors have a surprisingly strong influence on our actions. Furthermore, finally, the nature of ethics itself also causes problems: instead of clear answers, we receive a multitude of theories and intuitions that may sometimes be contradictory. All these features of action and ethics represent significant risks for ethical conduct in science. I claim that they have to be managed within the everyday practices of science and addressed explicitly in research ethics education. I analyse them and suggest some ways in which their risks can be alleviated. 相似文献
7.
In this essay, we demonstrate that the field of computer ethics shares many core similarities with two other areas of applied
ethics, Academicians writing and teaching in the area of computer ethics, along with practitioners, must address ethical issues
that are qualitatively similar in nature to those raised in medicine and business. In addition, as academic disciplines, these
three fields also share some similar concerns. For example, all face the difficult challenge of maintaining a credible dialogue
with diverse constituents such as academicians of various disciplines, professionals, policymakers, and the general public,
Given these similarities, the fields of bioethics and business ethics can serve as useful models for the development of computer
ethics.
A version of this paper was presented at ETHICOMP98, the Fourth International Conference on Ethical Issues of Information
Technology, March 25–27, 1998, Erasmus University, the Netherlands.
Kenman Wong, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Business Ethics; Gerhard Steinke, Ph.D., is Professor of Management and Information
Systems. Both authors are at Seattle Pacific University's School of Business and Economics. 相似文献
8.
Thought experiments have played a pivotal role in many debates within ethics—and in particular within applied ethics—over
the past 30 years. Nonetheless, despite their having become a commonly used philosophical tool, there is something odd about
the extensive reliance upon thought experiments in areas of philosophy, such as applied ethics, that are so obviously oriented
towards practical life. Herein I provide a moderate defence of their use in applied philosophy against those three objections.
I do not defend all possible uses of thought experiments but suggest that we should distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate
uses. Their legitimate uses are determined not so much by the modal content of any actual thought experiment itself, but by
the extent to which the argument in which it is nested follows basic tenets of informal logic and respects the fundamental
contingency of applied ethical problems. In pursuing these ideas, I do not so much provide a set of criteria for their legitimate
use, but more modestly present two significant ways in which their use can go awry. 相似文献
9.
Nigel Pleasants 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(3):241-267
Alice Crary claims that “the standard view of the bearing of Wittgenstein's philosophy on ethics” is dominated by “inviolability interpretations”, which often underlie conservative readings of Wittgenstein. Crary says that such interpretations are “especially marked in connection with On Certainty”, where Wittgenstein is represented as holding that “our linguistic practices are immune to rational criticism, or inviolable”. Crary's own conception of the bearing of Wittgenstein's philosophy on ethics, which I call the “intrinsically‐ethical reading”, derives from the influential New Wittgenstein school of exegesis, and is also espoused by James Edwards, Cora Diamond, and Stephen Mulhall. To my eyes, intrinsically‐ethical readings present a peculiar picture of ethics, which I endeavour to expose in Part I of the paper. In Part II I present a reading of On Certainty that Crary would call an “inviolability interpretation”, defend it against New Wittgensteinian critiques, and show that this kind of reading has nothing to do with ethical or political conservatism. I go on to show how Wittgenstein's observations on the manner in which we can neither question nor affirm certain states of affairs that are fundamental to our epistemic practices can be fruitfully extended to ethics. Doing so sheds light on the phenomenon that I call “basic moral certainty”, which constitutes the foundation of our ethical practices, and the scaffolding or framework of moral perception, inquiry, and judgement. The nature and significance of basic moral certainty will be illustrated through consideration of the strangeness of philosophers' attempts at explaining the wrongness of killing. 相似文献
10.
Steven G. Smith 《The Journal of Ethics》2001,5(4):315-333
Concrete worthy actions have not been aterminus of discernment for moral theory in theway that they often are for the deliberatingmoral agent. Some ordinary hallmarks of worthyactions challenge the unworldly and impersonalways of envisioning life that dominatephilosophical ethics. I discuss six: a worthyaction (1) improves the world in moralperspective, (2) discloses the agent's power,(3) is personally rewarding, (4) unites virtue,justice, and happiness, (5) is a prime objectof moral choice, and (6) belongs to a practicalgenre (such as work or love). Appreciatingworthy actions leads to a less abstract andconformist view of ethical standards and moreattention to individual portfolio-buildingaccording to diverse practical opportunities. 相似文献
11.
Recently critics have faulted American business schools for failing to impart to their students an understanding of ethics and its role in business. In this paper, we agree and attribute this situation, at least in part, to the need for a vocabulary of ethics and a failure to communicate Adam Smith's moral orientation to capitalism. So long as business schools fail to recognize explicitly that Smith, whoseThe Wealth of Nations serves as an intellectual backdrop for business school curricula, did in fact provide a place for ethics in capitalist economic relations (indeed, some would argue a dominant place), they will continue to advocate implicitly the theory of amorality in business—the idea that ethics has no place in business. By examining Smith's ethical arguments we can explicate the moral underpinnings of stakeholder analysis, a currently popular approach to management decision-making.Although we will use ethics and morality interchangeably in this paper, there is a distinction to be made. Ethics is the branch of philosophy concentrating on morality. Morality pertains to what is right and wrong. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the attitudes and orientations of Hispanic business students regarding ethical
and unethical actions as well as what rewards or punishments are considered appropriate for specific scenarios. A survey was
developed using a 2 × 2 randomized experimental design to measure students’ ethical orientations and 38 items were developed
to measure students’ attitudes regarding factors that can influence the decision to cheat or not to cheat. The results suggest
that Hispanic business students are predominantly concerned with the ethical dimension of an act relative to the outcome of
the act. Also, contrary to previous studies findings, some Hispanic business students are likely to cheat on any type of graded
work based on the reason for cheating rather than the type of graded work. The paper utilizes an established framework for
measuring ethical attitudes and orientations. The study offers a preliminary inductive path towards a more in depth understanding
of Hispanic business students which is a rapidly growing population segment whose influence will become more widespread in
the coming decades. Some of the findings are not consistent with previous research that examined student bodies as a whole.
This might suggest that student ethics researchers may be missing valuable information regarding differences between student
body segments that can further inform our understanding of students’ ethical views. Further, this insight may provide an avenue
for a more effective approach to guiding the ethical development of students. 相似文献
13.
Sukaina Hirji 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2019,98(3):671-696
It is commonly assumed that Aristotle's ethical theory shares deep structural similarities with neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics. I argue that this assumption is a mistake, and that Aristotle's ethical theory is both importantly distinct from the theories his work has inspired, and independently compelling. I take neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics to be characterized by two central commitments: (i) virtues of character are defined as traits that reliably promote an agent's own flourishing, and (ii) virtuous actions are defined as the sorts of actions a virtuous agent reliably performs under the relevant circumstances. I argue that neither of these commitments are features of Aristotle's own view, and I sketch an alternative explanation for the relationship between virtue and happiness in the Nicomachean Ethics. Although, on the interpretation I defend, we do not find in Aristotle a distinctive normative theory alongside deontology and consequentialism, what we do find is a way of thinking about how prudential and moral reasons can come to be aligned through a certain conception of practical agency. 相似文献
14.
This paper explores a novel philosophy of ethical care in the face of burgeoning biomedical technologies. I respond to a serious
challenge facing traditional bioethics with its roots in analytic philosophy. The hallmarks of these traditional approaches
are reason and autonomy, founded on a belief in the liberal humanist subject. In recent years, however, there have been mounting
challenges to this view of human subjectivity, emerging from poststructuralist critiques, such as Michel Foucault's, but increasingly
also as a result of advances in biotechnology itself. In the face of these developments, I argue that the theoretical relevance
and practical application of mainstream bioethics is increasingly under strain. Traditionalists will undoubtedly resist. Together,
professional philosopher-bioethicists, public health policymakers, and the global commercial healthcare industry tend to respond
conservatively by shoring up the liberal humanist subject as the foundation for medical ethics and consumer decision-making,
appealing to the familiar tropes of reason, autonomy, and freedom. 相似文献
15.
Medical ethics often is treated as applied ethics, that is, the application of moral philosophy to ethical issues in medicine. In an earlier paper, we examined instances of moral philosophy's influence on medical ethics. We found the applied ethics model inadequate and sketched an alternative model. On this model, practitioners seeking to change morality "appropriate" concepts and theory fragments from moral philosophy to valorize and justify their innovations. Goldilocks-like, five commentators tasted our offerings. Some found them too cold, since they had already abandoned applied ethics; others too hot, since they still find the applied ethics model to their taste. We reply that the appropriation model offers an empirically testable account of the historical relationship between moral philosophy and medical ethics that explains why practitioners appropriate concepts and fragments from moral philosophy. In contrast, the now fashionable common morality theory neither explains moral change nor why practitioners turn to moral philosophy. 相似文献
16.
Efforts to promote ethical behaviour in business and academic contexts have raised awareness of the need for an ethical orientation
in business students. This study examines the similarities and differences between the personal values of Iranian and Australian
business students and their attitudes to cheating behaviour in universities and unethical practices in business settings.
Exploratory factory analysis provided support for three distinct ethics factors—serious academic ethical misconduct, minor
academic ethical misconduct, and business ethical misconduct. Results reveal statistically significant differences between
the two cultural groups for ethical (altruism/universalism) values, and for attitudes to serious academic misconduct. No differences
were found between the two groups for attitudes to minor academic unethical practices or unethical business practices. Gender
influenced responses where females were found to indicate higher levels of unacceptability of unethical practices in academic
and business settings than males. This pilot study highlights the need for higher education institutions to develop and enforce
policies and practices to publicise, encourage and reinforce higher awareness of the need for adhering to ethical behaviour
in university studies as a necessary component of training business professionals. 相似文献
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19.
Dresser R 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2006,27(2):115-139
Pharmaceutical companies are major sponsors of biomedical research. Most scholars and policymakers focus their attention on
government and academic oversight activities, however. In this article, I consider the role of pharmaceutical companies’ internal
ethics statements in guiding decisions about corporate research and development (R&D). I review materials from drug company
websites and contributions from the business and medical ethics literature that address ethical responsibilities of businesses
in general and pharmaceutical companies in particular. I discuss positive and negative uses of pharmaceutical companies’ ethics
materials and describe shortcomings in the companies’ existing ethics programs. To guide employees and reassure outsiders,
companies must add rigor, independence, and transparency to their R&D ethics programs. 相似文献
20.
Soran Reader 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2000,3(4):341-364
This paper discusses three topics in contemporary British ethical philosophy: naturalisms, moral reasons, and virtue. Most contemporary philosophers agree that 'ethics is natural' - in Section 1 I examine the different senses that can be given to this idea, from reductive naturalism to supernaturalism, seeking to show the problems some face and the problems others solve. Drawing on the work of John McDowell in particular, I conclude that an anti-supernatural non-reductive naturalism plausibly sets the limits on what we can do in ethics. Moral reasons are widely discussed - in Section 2 I describe some of the criteria that used to distinguish moral practical reasons, and note possibilities and problems. Drawing on the work of Elizabeth Anscombe in particular, I suggest that an inclusive, minimalist account of moral reasons may be most fruitful. There has been a revival of philosophical interest in virtue ethics, which I take to be linked to the emergence of non-reductive naturalisms - in Section 3 I describe three points where virtue ethics has an especially significant contribution to make: learning, motivational self-sufficiency, and the question of whether virtues can be reasons. The naturalism of Section 1 constrains the accounts of moral reasons considered in Section 2, and depends upon an account of virtue as learned second nature, discussed in Section 3. 相似文献