论道德妥协

妥协是冲突双方A和B通过相互自愿让步以解决冲突而达成的一致,当涉及不同的道德价值和原则时,妥协成为道德妥协。道德冲突是道德妥协的必要条件。道德妥协的可欲性与道德冲突的解决和完整性密切相关。其中,完整性成为道德妥协的限度。要达成一种保护完整性的道德妥协,冲突双方要对道德冲突本身有所了解,并将他们所有的道德价值和原则都考虑进来。     

医学伦理决策:原因、立场与方法

医务人员在医疗实践中经常会遇到道德的冲突,就是在道德规范之间、效果之间、规范与效果之间的冲突.解决这一问题的有效方式是进行伦理决策,也就是在一定的价值立场上,通过运用不同的道德判断形式--如直觉、推理、商谈等,来预演各种方案之间的最佳结果并进行选择,为道德行动铺平道路.     

现代性道德冲突与社会规制

道德冲突是人类社会生活中客观存在的一类特殊道德现象,是当前社会各界共同关切的道德焦点问题,是平稳实现社会全面转型亟需化解的社会风险。人类永远不能完全消除"原生型道德冲突",但可以减少或避免一些"衍生型道德冲突"。原生型道德冲突、主体型道德冲突和社会环境型道德冲突有不同的引发诱因;在社会利益关系多样、价值相对主义和虚无主义弥散的当代社会,道德冲突虽不可避免,但社会管理、法律与道德的共同规制与互济,能够缓解道德冲突的尖锐性或遏制衍生型道德冲突的泛滥。     

道德冲突类型诱因探源

现代社会转型引致的道德价值观念的嬗变、后现代性的世界祛魅及其感觉主义盛行,使得道德价值观念个体化、碎片化、善观念模糊化,道德价值标准的客观普遍性受到了质疑与挑战,道德冲突越益尖锐和泛滥。道德冲突虽是伦理学的时代焦点问题,但目前的学术研究存在泛论之嫌,需要进行类型的具体研究。基于道德冲突生成根由,社会道德冲突类型可以归类为内生型道德冲突、主体型道德冲突和社会环境型道德冲突;有效规制道德冲突,需要对不同类型道德冲突的诱因进行深入而全面的缕析。     

科技与伦理的双向运动——评《与善同行——当代科技前沿的伦理问题与价值抉择》

当前科技的发展对伦理观念形成了挑战,同时,伦理也对科技发展形成约束,这种局面构成科技与伦理的双向运动。分析这种双向运动的成因、过程和可能的结果,正是李建会教授主编的新书《与善同行——当代科技前沿的伦理问题与价值抉择》的主题。该书讨论了纳米科技、信息科技、生命科技和认知神经科技遭遇的伦理问题和道德抉择,并主张科技活动必然具有价值负载的观点,对规避科技活动中的社会风险做出了积极的探索。除此之外,该书还讨论了用于价值抉择的协商伦理学的原则,并指出协商所应体现的态度和目标。     

悖论与张力:医务社会工作介入老年临终关怀服务的伦理再思考

医务社会工作作为一种追寻道德实践的实务工作,意识形态与社会价值对该职业的伦理抉择起到重要的制约作用。在社会工作介入老年临终患者的服务工作中,案主权利的实现受制度法规限定、家庭利益纠葛、社会价值观念冲突和伦理环境异化等因素的影响,引致社工在实务工作中陷入伦理困境。为破解此种伦理困境,医务社工可通过强化自身引导能力、推进伦理观教育和优化伦理抉择环境等途径协力重塑新型老年临终关怀伦理体系的构建。     

道德相对主义:论争与价值

道德相对主义既非一个独立的学术流派,亦非某一时代的道德思潮,而是伦理思想史上长期出现的一种思想倾向。学者们围绕道德相对主义的相关问题展开了激烈的论争,在充满敌意、对立和冲突中推动了道德相对主义的发展,由此产生了众多的道德理论。当代学者不再拘泥于知识论意义上的相对主义研究,而是转向发掘道德相对主义的多样性与情境性的特点,进而重视道德相对主义在不同实践领域中的重要价值。     

新闻学领域的道德困境及其解读

大众传媒及其工作者在新闻实践中经常面临着道德价值选择冲突问题,需要我们在伦理的反思批判中逐渐达成共识。通过对新闻学领域内较为常见的客观报道与人文关怀的冲突、隐性采访与社会正义的冲突、舆论自由与独立审判的冲突进行解读,或许能为大众传媒及其工作者的道德价值选择提供道德依据和价值基础,从而为化解此类困境提供一定的理论思路。     

善的两种冲突

冲突一词在语言表达中其实有两个很不相同的意义和用法。一种用法是：冲突的命题不能同时为真的逻辑真理性冲突;另一种用法是：冲突的价值欲望不能同时满足的现实选择性冲突。本文对冲突的两种意义及用法进行了区别,分析了这两种冲突的意义和用法在道德善恶判断中的联系和混用,并对道德相对主义与道德多元主义提出了批评。     

医学伦理决策：原因、立场与方法

医务人员在医疗实践中经常会遇到道德的冲突,就是在道德规范之间、效果之间、规范与效果之间的冲突。解决这一问题的有效方式是进行伦理决策,也就是在一定的价值立场上,通过运用不同的道德判断形式———如直觉、推理、商谈等,来预演各种方案之间的最佳结果并进行选择,为道德行动铺平道路。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.