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1.
Ruth E. Kastner 《国际科学哲学研究》2004,18(1):89-94
The “N‐box experiment” is a much‐discussed thought experiment in quantum mechanics. It is claimed by some authors that a single particle prepared in a superposition of N+1 box locations and which is subject to a final “post‐selection” measurement corresponding to a different superposition can be said to have occupied “with certainty” N boxes during the intervening time. However, others have argued that under closer inspection, this surprising claim fails to hold. Aharonov and Vaidman have continued their advocacy of the claim in question by proposing a variation on the N‐box experiment, in which the boxes are replaced by shutters and the pre‐ and post‐selected particle is entangled with a photon. These authors argue that the resulting “N‐shutter experiment” strengthens their original claim regarding the N‐box experiment. It is argued in this article that the apparently surprising features of this variation are no more robust than those of the N‐box experiment and that it is not accurate to say that the particle is “with certainty” in all N shutters at any given time.
Shutters, Boxes, but No Paradoxes: Time Symmetry Puzzles in Quantum Theory
Published online:
14 October 2010 Figure 1 Hilbert Space of the Shutter Particle. 相似文献
2.
Dan R. Johnson William H. Beasley David E. Bard 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(4):654-655
Individuals performing an experimental cognitive task have a choice whether to favor accuracy, speed, or weight them both equally. Models of speed/ accuracy tradeoff have been proposed in the assessment literature (van der Linden, 2007) and experimental literature (Ratcliff &; Rouder, 1998). However, these models do not estimate individual differences in choice of speed/ accuracy tradeoff at between- and within-subjects levels. The top of Figure 1 presents the equations and path diagram for the SATin model. Individual differences in speed/ accuracy tradeoff will be modeled at two levels with, 1) variability in Tradeoff (between-subject level, Level 2) and 2) variability in c (within-subject level, Level 1). An individual's Tradeoff factor score represents the individual's distributional position relative to others regarding whether they favor speed (values < 0), accuracy (values > 0), or neither (value = 0). A negative c indicates that the individual is trading off speed and accuracy for these particular trials, whereas a positive and zero c indicate the individual is not trading off.
Abstract: A Multi-Level Model of Individual Differences in Speed/Accuracy Tradeoff (SATin)
Published online:
18 December 2008 FIGURE 1 SATin Model Diagram. 相似文献
3.
Sonya K. Sterba Ruth E. Mathiowetz Daniel J. Bauer 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(4):658-659
Abstract Conventional growth models assume that the random effects describing individual trajectories are conditionally normal. In practice, this assumption may often be unrealistic. As an alternative, Nagin (2005) suggested a semiparametric group-based approach (SPGA) which approximates an unknown, continuous distribution of individual trajectories with a mixture of group trajectories. Prior simulations (Brame, Nagin, &; Wasserman, 2006; Nagin, 2005) indicated that SPGA could generate nearly-unbiased estimates of means and variances of a nonnormal distribution of individual trajectories, as functions of group-trajectory estimates. However, these studies used few random effects—usually only a random intercept. Based on the analytical relationship between SPGA and adaptive quadrature, we hypothesized that SPGA's ability to approximate (a) random effect variances/covariances and (b) effects of time-invariant predictors of growth should deteriorate as the dimensionality of the random effects distribution increases. We expected this problem to be mitigated by correlations among the random effects (highly correlated random effects functioning as fewer dimensions) and sample size (larger N supporting more groups). We tested these hypotheses via simulation, varying the number of random effects (1, 2, or 3), correlation among the random effects (0 or .6), and N (250, 500). Results indicated that, as the number of random effects increased, SPGA approximations remained acceptable for fixed effects, but became increasingly negatively biased for random effect variances. Whereas correlated random effects and larger N reduced this underestimation, correlated random effects sometimes distorted recovery of predictor effects. To illustrate this underestimation, Figure 1 depicts SPGA's approximation of the intercept variance from a three correlated random effect generating model (N < eqid1 > 500). These results suggest SPGA approximations are inadequate for the nonnormal, high-dimensional distributions of individual trajectories often seen in practice.
Abstract: Adequacy of Semiparametric Approximations for Growth Models with Nonnormal Random Effects
Published online:
18 December 2008 FIGURE 1 SPGA-approximated intercept variance from a three correlated random effect generating model. Notes. The dashed horizontal lines denote + 10% bias. The solid horizontal line denotes the population-generating parameter value; * denotes the best-BIC selected number of groups. The vertical bars denote 90% confidence intervals. 相似文献
4.
Iwao Hirose 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(2):301-312
Some people believe that the equality of people's well-being makes an outcome better, other things being constant. Call this Telic Egalitarianism. In this paper I will propose a new interpretation of Telic Egalitarianism, and compare it with the interpretation that is proposed by Derek Parfit 1995 and widely accepted by many philosophers. I will argue that my proposed interpretation is more plausible than Parfit's. One of the virtues in my interpretation is that it shows his Levelling Down Objection does not undermine Telic Egalitarianism. I also believe that my interpretation better explains the important similarity and difference between Telic Egalitarianism and his proposed Priority View. 相似文献
5.
In applications of SEM, investigators obtain and interpret parameter estimates that are computed so as to produce optimal model fit in the sense that the obtained model fit would deteriorate to some degree if any of those estimates were changed. This property raises a question: to what extent would model fit deteriorate if parameter estimates were changed? And which parameters have the greatest influence on model fit? This is the idea of parameter influence. The present paper will cover two approaches to quantifying parameter influence. Both are based on the principle of likelihood displacement (LD), which quantifies influence as the discrepancy between the likelihood under the original model and the likelihood under the model in which a minor perturbation is imposed (Cook, 1986). One existing approach for quantifying parameter influence is a vector approach (Lee &; Wang, 1996) that determines a vector in the parameter space such that altering parameter values simultaneously in this direction will cause maximum change in LD. We propose a new approach, called influence mapping for single parameters, that determines the change in model fit under perturbation of a single parameter holding other parameter estimates constant. An influential parameter is defined as one that produces large change in model fit under minor perturbation. Figure 1 illustrates results from this procedure for three different parameters in an empirical application. Flatter curves represent less influential parameters. Practical implications of the results are discussed. The relationship with statistical power in structural equation models is also discussed.
Abstract: Parameter Influence In Structural Equation Models
Published online:
19 December 2008 FIGURE 1 Influence mapping for single parameters. 相似文献
6.
7.
Matthew Gildersleeve 《Humanistic Psychologist》2015,43(3):297-309
In the first sentence of his book, The Transcendent Function, Jeffery Miller says “The transcendent function is the core of Carl Jung's theory of psychological growth and the heart of what he called individuation, the process by which one is guided in a teleological way toward the person he or she is meant to be” (Miller, 2004, p. 1). Consequently, for Jung, the transcendent function is the question of unveiling the unconscious for individuation to take place or, as Heidegger would say, the question of unveiling Being for authenticity to take place. As a result of the apparent equivalence, these questions can be synthesised to demonstrate that read together, each of these thinkers brings deeper understanding, meaning, and interpretation to the projects of the other in such a way that an extension for application is created for both philosophy and psychotherapy. 相似文献
8.
Peter G. A. Versteeg 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2006,21(1):83-97
Spirituality is one of the forms of religion that seems to thrive in secularised Western societies. It has become an umbrella term for a variety of experience-oriented religious practices in Western societies. The popularity of spirituality is clearly visible within Christian settings, both inside and outside churches. This paper explores the nature of ‘marginal’ Christian spirituality, i.e. Christian spirituality outside the churches, through a case study of a meditation group in a Dutch spiritual centre founded by Jesuits. It will be shown how meditation as a free experiential space stimulates the diversity of individual meanings, both traditional and alternative. Hence, meditation in this case is a method which affirms religious individuality. (Visser 1)1 相似文献
Exercise
I am the stream
And I flow beyond myself
I am the river
And I pour myself into the sea
I am the sea
And I evaporate into nothing
I am the cloud
And I am losing my hold
In rain and snow
My form fragments
Who can love me
When I appear and disappear
Again and again
You are water, says the water
Water, my child, you are me
Whether ice or fog
You are me
Love yourself, then you love me
And everywhere you are safe in me.
9.
Ginny Hill 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2024,69(1):51-71
With the 2020 publication of the facsimile edition of The Black Books, we have an opportunity to study the layers of C. G. Jung's creative writing process for the first time. In this paper, I explore Jung's practice of active imagination in relation to his fantasy dialogues with the dead during two specific episodes in 1914 and 1916. I discuss Jung's concept of the collective unconscious corresponding to the “mythic land of the dead” and I show how this idea develops in The Black Books and The Red Book, or Liber Novus, culminating in Septem Sermones ad Mortuos. I describe my work with a patient, who, in an early session, said she felt like the "living dead". I recount how the patient's experience of her own internal world began to change as we were able to wonder about the inner world of the patient's late mother and, together, to imagine her mother's lament. I consider the use of imagination when working with the concept of "therapy for the dead" (Hillman & Shamdasani, 2013, p. 164) in the context of intergenerational trauma. 相似文献
10.
Robert Frager 《Humanistic Psychologist》2013,41(3):219-221
This article focuses on demonstrating how a Heideggerian sensitivity to the meanings latent in our own challenges of living can serve to orient us, especially in times of difficulty, toward finding our path and, moreover, our foothold on the paths that we have chosen. Presenting my own life experience through the lens of Heidegger's (1927/1962) fundamental modes of disclosedness and care structure, this article examines the notion of one's own existentiell projection into possibilities from the perspective of thrownness and fallenness. From here I present a reflection on the possibility of finding alternative potentialities-for-Being within the context of what had originally presented itself as a rupture of my very Being—a detethering of myself from my ordinary totality of involvements. The reflections here serve as a hermeneutic retrieval (Wiederholung) of the kinds of personal meanings that one lives through in the process of recovering one's life, one's existence, one's Self, in the aftermath of trauma or serious illness. 相似文献
11.
Yonathan Mizrachi 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2013,69(1):26-52
The best way to predict the future is to invent it. —Alan Kay 1 It is obvious that there are patterns of cultural change—evolution in the neutral sense—and any theory of cultural change worth more than a moment's consideration will have to be Darwinian in the minimal sense of being consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection of Homo sapiens. —Daniel Dennett 2 The future is here. It's just not widely distributed yet. —William Gibson 3 It is the magician's wand, by means of which he may summon into life whatever form and mould he pleases. —Charles Darwin commenting on the power of artificial selection 4 相似文献
12.
Peter Joseph Gloviczki 《Journal of Loss and Trauma》2016,21(5):447-450
In this paper, I use autoethnographic sketches (Rambo, 2007) to examine the way that sports have taught me the value of persistence. Specifically, I explore the way that (a) playing baseball as a young child, (b) serving as the team manager on the high school football team, and (c) working out as an adult have each equipped me to cope with the limitations associated with my physical disability, cerebral palsy, while also allowing me to articulate my relationship to my body on my own terms. I hope that this paper encourages readers to examine the practices that undergird their lives and to explore the origins of the values that motivate their everyday experiences. 相似文献
13.
Kurtis Hagen 《亚洲哲学》2005,15(2):117-141
While Sorai's intellectual debt to Xunzi is often mentioned, the similarities between their views have not often been explored at length in English2.2 Further, while Maruyama Masao does compare the two thinkers in his influential monograph Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan, he stresses (apparent) differences between Xunzi and Sorai, in order to hail Sorai's uniqueness. Without meaning to take anything away from Sorai as an independent thinker, I maintain that with regard to precisely those views for which Sorai is lauded as unique—that dao is a product of real people that evolved over time and continues to evolve—his position was also held by Xunzi. In addition, there is a related yet rarely highlighted aspect of Xunzi's thought that is also acknowledged by Sorai. That is, virtues acquired by participating in the way in turn qualify one to contribute to its continuous open-ended development. 相似文献
14.
Eberhard Guhe 《逻辑史和逻辑哲学》2017,38(3):282-290
In his article ‘The Structure of Emptiness’ (cf. Priest 2009) Graham Priest examines the concept of emptiness in the Mādhyamaka school of Nāgārjuna and his commentators Candrakī?rti and Tsongkhapa from a mathematical point of view. The approach attempted in this article does not involve any commitment to Priest's more controversial dialethic Mādhyamaka interpretation. The purpose of the present paper is to explain Priest's sketchy but very insightful interpretation of objects as non-well-founded sets in greater detail. Some problems concerning his idea to model the Mādhyamaka claim of the emptiness of emptiness by means of this kind of framework will be noted. Moreover, we will also discuss the possibility to represent the Mādhyamika's denial of the existence of irreducible constituents of empirical reality within a well-founded system of set theory. Finally, some slight mistakes in Priest's mathematical construction need to be pointed out. 相似文献
15.
《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(3):300-315
According to Daniel Lapsley in his foreword to John Gibbs's Moral Development and Reality: Beyond the Theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman (2003), “Professor Gibbs argues that Kohlberg's stage theory fails largely because his best Piagetian insights were corrupted by his fascination with Dewey's writings on internalization and group conformity.” According to Gibbs, continues Lapsley, Kohlberg's “formulation of the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional typology can be traced to Dewey.” Lapsley observes that “to call Kohlberg's Deweyan commitments the “Procrustean bed” that distorts his developmental theory is a startling claim” (Gibbs, 2003, p. viii). 1 Indeed it is. I also believe it is false in a complex way, or at least seriously misleading. The theses of this paper are that: (1) Dewey's moral psychology includes, in any substantial way, neither (a) a three-stage developmental theory nor (b) internalization as part of that theory; that therefore either (2) Kohlberg misread Dewey, and/or (3) Gibbs misreads Kohlberg. This confusion suggests a look at what has been called a “neo-Kohlbergian approach” as a competing theory to Gibbs's “new view of life span moral judgment development” (pp. 74 – 75). 相似文献
16.
Peter Joseph Gloviczki 《Journal of Loss and Trauma》2016,21(4):286-289
In this essay, I use autoethnographic sketching (Rambo, 2007) to explore the experience of arriving at and withdrawing from the London School of Economics and its impact on my life and work. I especially draw on the importance of close relationships with family, which helped me cope with and overcome limitations associated with my physical disability, cerebral palsy, as I work toward personal and professional fulfillment. It is my hope that these words will motivate others to better cope with and overcome challenges in pursuit of their goals. 相似文献
17.
In his seminal clinical writings on psychoanalysis, Sheldon Bach transcends the limiting confines of individual and parochial schools of psychoanalysis. Both in “On Digital Consciousness” and in his 2006 Getting From There to Here: Analytic Love, Analytic Process, we see a strong relational dimension in Bach's work (see also Bach 1985 and 1994), though he comes from firmly within the psychoanalytic mainstream. Bach's writings speak to clinicians across schools of thought, are clinically near to experience and are often moving. While he makes occasional mention of his contemporaries, Bach is grounded in more traditional references and only hints at his intellectual connection to relational and intersubjective theorists. One purpose of this commentary is to reflect on Bach's contribution to contemporary psychoanalysis and to draw out the connections between his work and the work of those within the broader relational and intersubjective community of psychoanalysis. 相似文献
18.
This article is a follow-up to my recent article on Erving Goffman’s Asylums (1961), an analysis of the mental hospital environment. I focus here on William F. Lynch’s book Images of Hope (1965) which was written when Lynch was a scholar in residence at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. in 1962. I take particular note of the fact that Lynch perceived the book to be a venture into the psychology of hope, and that he based this psychology on the complementary relationship of hope and imagination. I also consider the relationship that he draws between hope and help; the dynamic of hope and hopelessness; the roles of wishing and waiting in the development of a mature sense of hope; and the imagination as an instrument of coping. I conclude that among the selves that comprise our composite Self, the hopeful self is essential to life itself. 相似文献
19.
Marilyn Nissim-Sabat Ph.D. M.S.W. 《Psychoanalytic Inquiry》2013,33(2):153-165
Historically, psychoanalysis has failed to differentiate adequately between aggression and assertion. It is uncontroversial to state that bullying is a form of aggression. However, if aggression and assertion are not adequately distinguished, bullying could also be viewed as a form of assertion. Some psychoanalysts have attempted to resolve this by using the terms aggression and assertion as synonyms but introducing the notion of nondestructive aggression. Bullying, then, is understood to be hostile aggression or hostile assertion. In this article, I aim to prepare psychoanalytic and philosophical groundwork for a meaningful differentiation between aggression and assertion, and, at the same time, to shed light on the nature of bullying, parental bullying in particular. To achieve these aims, I critique an aspect of the case material presented by Frank Summers in his (2005) book, Self Creation: Psychoanalytic Therapy and the Art of the Possible. I also critique Parens' (2008) notion of nondestructive aggression as used by him and by Summers. Additionally, I discuss some of the philosophical notions Summers introduces and discusses relevant to a critique of his notion of the analyst's vision of the patient's development in its relevance to his case of Anna. 相似文献