特质愤怒对攻击行为的影响:敌意认知和冲动性水平有调节的中介作用

通过对重庆某综合大学大一到大三527名学生的问卷调查, 运用结构方程模型技术考察了特质愤怒、敌意认知、冲动性水平和攻击行为之间的关系。结果发现:(1)敌意认知在特质愤怒和攻击行为之间起部分中介的作用, 特质愤怒既对攻击行为产生直接影响, 也通过敌意认知对攻击行为产生间接影响;(2)运动冲动性因子对敌意认知的中介作用起到调节作用, 即敌意认知对攻击行为的影响随着个体冲动性水平的增加而提升;敌意认知对个体的攻击行为起着有调节的中介作用。     

敌意解释偏向与攻击的关系

敌意解释偏向是一种认知加工偏向, 指个体将模棱两可信息以敌意的方式进行解释的倾向, 它会对个体的攻击行为产生影响。攻击也会影响个体的敌意解释偏向:作为一种人格特质, 高攻击性使个体更容易产生敌意解释偏向; 作为一种行为反应, 攻击对敌意解释偏向具有发展和强化作用。敌意解释偏向和攻击之间可能存在循环关系。两者关系会受到性别、年龄以及人格特点等因素影响。未来研究需要改进敌意解释偏向与攻击的测量工具, 使测量更为直接、客观; 拓展两者不同亚类之间的交互研究, 以全面系统地了解两者之间的关系; 深入探究情绪在敌意解释偏向与攻击行为关系中的作用; 整合信息加工过程, 探究它们的交互作用对攻击行为的影响等。     

特质愤怒对攻击行为的影响:基于综合认知模型的视角

为了考察在大学生群体中,特质愤怒、敌意认知、愤怒沉思、认知重评以及攻击行为的关系,采用了特质愤怒问卷、愤怒沉思问卷、情绪调节问卷以及攻击性问卷对重庆市西南大学的742名大学生进行调查,结果显示:(1)特质愤怒、敌意认知、愤怒沉思以及攻击行为之间两两相关,认知重评与各变量之间均没有显著的相关关系;(2)特质愤怒通过敌意认知的部分中介作用预测愤怒沉思和攻击行为,但是愤怒沉思对攻击行为的预测作用不显著;(3)认知重评在敌意认知对攻击行为的影响中起着调节作用,即敌意认知对攻击行为的影响会因个体认知重评水平的不同而表现出强度上的差异;(4)对于不同认知重评水平的个体来说,特质愤怒对攻击行为的预测机制不同。具体而言,对于低认知重评个体来说,特质愤怒主要通过敌意认知和愤怒沉思的完全多重中介作用对攻击行为产生预测;对于高认知重评个体来说,特质愤怒主要通过其直接效应对攻击行为产生影响。     

未成年犯童年期受虐待程度与攻击行为的关系：有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对广东省未成年犯管教所417名男性未成年犯进行调查,考察了自尊在未成年犯童年期受虐待程度与其攻击行为关系间的中介效应,以及感觉寻求在其中的调节作用。结果发现：（1）在控制了年龄、家庭月收入和父母受教育水平后,童年期受虐待程度可显著正向预测攻击行为;（2）自尊在童年期受虐待程度与攻击行为之间起部分中介作用;（3）感觉寻求显著调节自尊对攻击行为的影响,间接效应对于低感觉寻求的个体不显著,对于高感觉寻求的个体显著。     

父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为的关系：情绪安全感和学校联结的作用

采用问卷法,对585名青少年进行调查研究,考察父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为的关系,同时探讨情绪安全感的中介作用以及该中介作用的发生是否受到学校联结的调节。结果表明：(1)情绪安全感在父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为之间起部分中介作用;(2)学校联结调节父母婚姻冲突通过情绪安全感影响青少年攻击行为的中介作用,具体而言,在高学校联结水平下,父母婚姻冲突对攻击行为的预测作用较弱,情绪安全感对攻击行为的预测作用较强;反之亦然。这一发现有助于理解父母婚姻冲突和青少年攻击行为之间的关系,为增强青少年情绪安全感和减少攻击行为的发生提供了重要的理论与实践借鉴。     

大学生自恋与攻击行为的关系：有调节的中介效应分析

为明确自恋对大学生攻击行为的作用机制,构建了一个有调节的中介模型,旨在考察自我控制在二者关系中的中介作用以及性别的调节作用。采用自恋量表、简版自我控制量表和简版Buss-Perry攻击问卷对1598名大学生进行调查。结果发现：(1)自恋与自我控制显著负相关,与攻击行为显著正相关,自我控制与攻击显著负相关;(2)自我控制在大学生自恋和攻击行为之间具有部分中介作用;(3)自我控制的中介作用在男生和女生群体中均达到显著水平,相较于男生,女生的自我控制对自恋与攻击行为的中介效应更大。相关结果对高校学生的自恋干预及自我控制培养与提升具有参考价值。     

感知社会敌意对大学生攻击性的影响:负性情绪体验的作用

以往研究发现,挑衅、排斥、激惹等相对"激烈"的敌意情境会直接导致攻击行为,但鲜有研究探讨社会敌意这一相对"温和"的敌意情境对攻击行为的影响。本研究考察感知社会敌意对大学生攻击性的影响,并探讨负性情绪体验在其中的作用。实验1采用辣酱实验范式测量外显攻击,实验2采用内隐联想攻击测验测量内隐攻击,用中文版正性和负性情绪量表(PANAS)测量情绪。研究发现,感知社会敌意明显增加了大学生的负性情绪体验和攻击行为。负性情绪体验在感知社会敌意与大学生外显攻击间起部分中介作用,但在感知社会敌意与大学生内隐攻击之间无中介效应。     

父母冲突对青少年攻击行为的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

采用青少年攻击行为量表、青少年攻击信念量表、亲子关系量表和儿童感知父母冲突量表对506名青少年进行测查,结果表明：（1）父母冲突对青少年攻击信念和攻击行为均有显著的正向预测作用;（2）青少年攻击信念在父母冲突与攻击行为之间起着中介作用;（3）青少年攻击信念与攻击行为的关系（中介效应的后半段路径）受到亲子关系的调节,即父母冲突对青少年攻击行为的影响是有调节的中介效应。     

大学生神经质纵向预测攻击行为的时间路径模型:敌意归因偏向和愤怒沉浸的双向中介作用

神经质被认为是攻击行为的一个重要的风险性因素,但是其影响攻击行为的心理机制还不清楚。本研究尝试用由一般攻击模型发展出的神经质预测攻击行为的时间路径模型来解释这一问题,并通过对848名大学生的纵向调查来检验该模型的主要观点。结果发现:敌意归因偏向代表的事中因素和愤怒沉浸代表的事后因素相互预测;神经质既可以通过从敌意归因偏向到愤怒沉浸的路径也可以通过从愤怒沉浸到敌意归因偏向的路径来预测攻击行为;神经质可以同时通过敌意归因偏向和愤怒沉浸的中介作用预测攻击行为。     

交往不良同伴对男性未成年犯攻击行为的影响:道德推脱的中介作用

以社会学习理论为基础,运用问卷调查法,通过对368名男性未成年犯的调查,分析了交往不良同伴对攻击行为的影响以及道德推脱在这一影响过程中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)交往不良同伴与男性未成年犯的道德推脱存在显著正相关(γ=0.29, p<0.001),与攻击行为也存在显著正相关 (γ=0.32, p<0.001),同时,道德推脱与攻击行为存在显著正相关 (γ=0.45, p<0.001);(2)交往不良同伴会对男性未成年犯的攻击行为产生显著的正向影响(γ=0.34, p<0.001),道德推脱也会对攻击行为产生显著的正向影响(γ=0.44, p<0.001),同时,道德推脱在交往不良同伴影响攻击行为的过程中发挥着部分中介作用。     

Social Identity and Youth Aggressive and Delinquent Behaviors in a Context of Political Violence

The goal of the current study was to examine the moderating role of in‐group social identity on relations between youth exposure to sectarian antisocial behavior in the community and aggressive behaviors. Participants included 770 mother‐child dyads living in interfaced neighborhoods of Belfast. Youth answered questions about aggressive and delinquent behaviors as well as the extent to which they targeted their behaviors toward members of the other group. Structural equation modeling results show that youth exposure to sectarian antisocial behavior is linked with increases in both general and sectarian aggression and delinquency over one year. Reflecting the positive and negative effects of social identity, in‐group social identity moderated this link, strengthening the relationship between exposure to sectarian antisocial behavior in the community and aggression and delinquency towards the out‐group. However, social identity weakened the effect for exposure to sectarian antisocial behavior in the community on general aggressive behaviors. Gender differences also emerged; the relation between exposure to sectarian antisocial behavior and sectarian aggression was stronger for boys. The results have implications for understanding the complex role of social identity in intergroup relations for youth in post‐accord societies.     

日常环境中的暴力暴露对攻击行为的长期影响:一个有调节的中介模型

以850名大学生为被试,探讨日常环境中的暴力暴露与攻击行为的关系,并在此基础上提出一个有调节的中介模型,考察攻击性信念的中介作用和人际信任的调节作用。结果发现:(1)日常环境中的暴力暴露对攻击行为有显著的正向预测作用;(2)攻击性信念在日常环境中的暴力暴露与攻击行为的关系中起部分中介作用;(3)攻击性信念的中介作用会受到人际信任的调节。对于低人际信任个体,攻击性信念起部分中介作用;对于高人际信任个体,攻击性信念的中介效应不显著,日常环境中的暴力暴露对攻击行为只有直接作用。     

敌意归因偏向对反应性攻击的预测及报复动机的中介作用

敌意归因偏向指将模糊情境中他人的行为意图进行敌意归因的倾向,其被认为是导致攻击的主要认知因素,但还缺乏其与反应性、主动性攻击的纵向关系的考察,而且其影响反应性攻击的动力机制也不清楚。本研究通过两个子研究来分别回应这两个问题。研究1的纵向调查结果显示,敌意归因偏向只纵向预测反应性攻击,而不能跨时间地预测主动性攻击。研究2对另一批大学生的横断面调查发现,报复动机可以中介敌意归因偏向与反应性攻击的关系。研究结果提示,敌意归因偏向很可能主要是在反应性攻击的形成中起到重要作用,而对主动性攻击的影响不大,报复动机则很可能是这种作用背后的动力机制之一。     

敌意归因偏向对反应性攻击的预测及报复动机的中介作用

敌意归因偏向指将模糊情境中他人的行为意图进行敌意归因的倾向,其被认为是导致攻击的主要认知因素,但还缺乏其与反应性、主动性攻击的纵向关系的考察,而且其影响反应性攻击的动力机制也不清楚。本研究通过两个子研究来分别回应这两个问题。研究1的纵向调查结果显示,敌意归因偏向只纵向预测反应性攻击,而不能跨时间地预测主动性攻击。研究2对另一批大学生的横断面调查发现,报复动机可以中介敌意归因偏向与反应性攻击的关系。研究结果提示,敌意归因偏向很可能主要是在反应性攻击的形成中起到重要作用,而对主动性攻击的影响不大,报复动机则很可能是这种作用背后的动力机制之一。     

Association of Normative Beliefs and Anger with Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Russian Male Juvenile Offenders and High School Students

Examined the association of anger experience and two types of normative beliefs with physical aggression and nonaggressive antisocial behavior in 361 juvenile offenders and 206 high school students in Russia. All participants were male and ranged in age from 14 to 18 years. Higher frequency of aggressive acts was significantly associated with higher levels of anger and stronger beliefs that physical aggression is an appropriate course of action in conflicts. After statistically controlling for nonaggressive antisocial behavior, the relationship between physical aggression and antisocial beliefs was not significant. Similarly, with physical aggression controlled, nonaggressive antisocial behavior was uniquely associated with approval of deviancy, but not with anger or beliefs legitimizing aggression. Juvenile offenders reported higher levels of anger experience and higher frequency of aggression and antisocial behavior compared to high school students. There were no differences in normative beliefs between these two groups. This specificity of association of social-cognitive and emotion-regulation processes to aggressive and nonaggressive forms of antisocial behavior may be relevant to understanding the mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral therapy for conduct disorder and antisocial behavior.     

Executive Functions in Children: Associations with Aggressive Behavior and Appraisal Processing

This study investigated whether and how deficits in executive functioning and distortions in appraisal processing are related to subtypes of aggressive behavior. The sample included 83 boys assessed using multi-informant reports and performance measures. Deficits in two executive functions, response inhibition and planning ability were related primarily to reactive aggression. Hostile attributional biases moderated relations between planning ability and proactive and reactive aggression subtypes, with minimal relations between planning deficits and aggression at low levels of hostile attributional bias. As the level of hostile attributional bias increased, the relation between planning deficits and reactive aggression became increasingly large in a positive direction whereas the relation between planning deficits and proactive aggression became increasingly negative. Additionally, hostile encoding moderated the relation between behavioral inhibition and reactive aggressive behavior. Results also suggested a mediational role for response inhibition in the relation between planning ability and reactive aggression.     

社会同步对内隐攻击性的弱化作用: 影响注意偏向的眼动证据

社会同步作为“社会粘合剂”,能够对社会性产生明显的影响。本研究旨在考察社会同步对内隐攻击性弱化作用的认知机制。研究将45名内隐攻击性水平不同的被试随机分配为三组,完成在模棱两可情境下基于SIP模型的对敌意线索和非敌意线索的第一遍注视。研究结果进一步支持了解释优先模型。同时也表明,社会同步能够在一定程度上减弱高内隐攻击性个体的攻击性倾向,而不会对低内隐攻击性水平的个体产生负面影响。     

Testosterone, cortisol, and serotonin as key regulators of social aggression: A review and theoretical perspective

In human and non-human animals the steroid hormones cortisol and testosterone are involved in social aggression and recent studies suggest that these steroids might jointly regulate this behavior. It has been hypothesized that the imbalance between cortisol and testosterone levels is predictive for aggressive psychopathology, with high testosterone to cortisol ratio predisposing to a socially aggressive behavioral style. In this review, we focus on the effects of cortisol and testosterone on human social aggression, as well as on how they might modulate the aggression circuitry of the human brain. Recently, serotonin is hypothesized to differentiate between impulsive and instrumental aggression, and we will briefly review evidence on this hypothesis. The aim of this article is to provide a theoretical framework for the role of steroids and serotonin in impulsive social aggression in humans.     

Overt and covert antisocial behavior: Child and family characteristics among psychiatric inpatient children

The present study examined child and family characteristics associated with overt and covert antisocial child behaviors. Child psychiatric inpatients (N=258, ages 6–13) were identified as high in overt and/or covert antisocial behaviors (e.g., aggression and stealing, respectively) based on a structured parent interview measuring antisocial behavior. Children were classified into four groups derived from the factorial combination of level of overt (high vs. low) and covert (high vs. low) antisocial behaviors. Analyses were made of the children's reactions to hostile and anger-provoking situations, deviant and prosocial child behaviors at home and at school, and family structure and organization. Children higher in overt antisocial behaviors were more negative, resentful, and irritable in their reactions to hostile situations and more aggressive at school. They came from families with significantly greater conflict and less independence among family members. Children higher in covert antisocial behavior participated in fewer social activities and were higher in anxiety; their families showed significantly lower family cohesion and organization and less of an emphasis on moral-religious values. The results suggest reliable differences in child and family functioning as a function of patterns of overt and covert antisocial behavior.