A Note

Following Whiting’s (1986) comments on Fischman and Schneider (1985) and Smyth and Marriott (1982), this note addresses the questions of expertise in catching, the effects of sight of the hand on timing and positioning, and the difficulties of comparing performance in different experiments on catching.     

The Power of Reinforcement: A Review

The Psychological Record -     

The Rorschach and Intelligence: A Note of Caution

Abstract

(Goldstein, K. Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1940. Pp. 258.): Reviewed By Peter Hampton     

Imams in Flanders: A Research Note

This paper presents the results of an exploratory, mixed-method study on imams in Flanders. The research question was mainly who are they?, in an attempt to draw the first picture of their socio-demographic background, ethnicity, functions, and expectations with respect to their position in Flanders, or in Belgium more broadly speaking. The first three sections give context information about Muslims, Islam, and mosques in Belgium and Flanders. In the next sections, the research design and the results are presented. This presentation focuses on four issues: imams as immigrants; their tasks and workload; their job situation and attitude towards official recognition and payment; and finally their ambiguous attitudes towards government initiatives. We give also some reflections in dialogue with research on imams in other Western European countries. The conclusion discusses the challenges for imams and the government to become real partners within the further integration process of the Muslim community in Flanders and Belgium.     

Computer Monitor Supervision: A Clinical Note

Live supervision requires communication while the supervisor is guiding the trainee therapist through the one-way mirror. With the use of computer technology, additional communication procedures that have been developed are briefly presented adding new possibilities to live supervision. Using the computer as a supervision tool, therapy can be influenced by the supervisor while minimizing disruption. Successes and pitfalls in a master's level practicum course in family therapy are presented.     

The JAS-T and Type A in Students: A Replication Note

The researcher identified 36 Type A (18 males, 18 females) and 36 Type B (18 males, 18 females) students using the Jenkins Activity Survey-Student Form (JAS-T). Subjects represented the upper and lower thirds of 54 males and 54 females who were tested. Self-reports of cumulative grade point average (GPA), desired GPA, and hours in extracurricular activities were also obtained. Type A students reported desiring and achieving significantly higher GPAs than Type Bs (p < .05), replicating earlier findings. However, male, but not female, Type As reported spending significantly more time in extracurricular activities than Type Bs (p < .05). These results represent further indication that women may manifest Type A status somewhat differently from men.     

强化敏感性人格理论述评

Gray的强化敏感性理论尝试从人类神经生理机制的角度来解释人格差异。该理论认为,在中枢神经系统内存在一些子系统,分别对奖励和惩罚的刺激信号敏感,并通过强化效应调节人们的行为和动机。目前研究者已开发出强化敏感性的测量方法,并进行了一系列实证研究。但随着研究的深入,该理论的局限逐渐暴露出来。针对这些局限,未来的研究应致力于：（1）用生理指标来验证理论假设;（2）探讨反映强化敏感性的特质;（3）考察认知因素与生物因素的交互作用     

正强化和负强化:概念、争议与神经机制

1975年,Michael首次正式提出应放弃"正强化"和"负强化"术语的使用,引起对"正强化和负强化是否本质上具有区别"这一问题的关注和争议。正负强化究竟本质上是否有区分、如何区分、以及区分它们的意义等问题,得到了众多行为心理学家的深入探讨。多数学者再度阐明正强化和负强化具有不同的心理机制,加以区分具有重要应用意义,主张沿用对它们的区分。最近,对正负强化神经机制的研究取得突破性进展,进一步揭示它们具有截然不同的神经相关过程。我们建议,分析强化作用进行时,机体是否在环境条件作用下已经偏离了基础、正常的心理稳态,有助于规范理解强化物启动的是正还是负强化的神经过程。     

获得性阅读障碍的“主要系统”假说

认知神经心理学为阅读机制的探讨提供了大量的证据,认为不同阅读障碍是不同加工通道选择性受损的结果。近年来,基于联结主义的三角模型理论,研究者提出了主要系统假说（primary system hypothesis）,认为阅读障碍是主要的认知系统（如视觉、语义和语音系统）受损导致的：表层障碍是因为语义系统受损导致的阅读困难,语音和深层障碍是语音和语义系统同时受损时综合症状的连续体。该理论认为各主要系统可能同时是多个认知活动的加工成分,一个系统的受损会影响所有与之相关的认知过程,从而把阅读障碍与其它认知功能障碍联系起来。统一的主要系统受损下对各种获得性阅读障碍形成机制在文中得到详细的解释     

A Note on Patriotism and Utopianism: Response to Schrag

Studies in Philosophy and Education -     

From the Editor: A Note of Farewell and Welcome

The American Journal of Psychoanalysis -     

Uncertainty and Resourcefulness in Performance Environments: A Theoretical Note

Abstract

The emphasis of this theoretical note focuses on the link between the concepts of uncertainty and resourcefulness in performance contexts such as professional sport and manufacturing industry. Integrative themes from sport, work, and organization psychology are highlighted. Rigid work organization based on job demarcation and inflexible role specification reduces personal control and instils perfunctory attention to work procedures. In contrast, the sociotechnical systems approach provides a framework for examining how localized control of variance in performance output may be developed through the recognition and promotion of tacit knowledge in individuals. Additionally, through consideration of the theory of learned resourcefulness, the self-regulation of goal-directed activities and a repertoire of cognitive-behavioural skills are suggested as important factors influencing productivity and health at the organizational and individual level. Throughout, the interconnection between these diverse theoretical perspectives is discussed.     

Differences Between Founder-Led and Non-Founder-Led Congregations: A Research Note

Review of Religious Research - While sociologists have had a longstanding interest in religious leadership and congregational authority structures, most of the research in this area ignores the...     

The Ambiguity of Covariation: A Conceptual Note

Three dimensions of propositions, the factual, the epistemic and the modal, and their relationships, are described. The five factor model of personality is based on correlations between ordinary language items. The terms of this language are fuzzy and context-dependent in meaning, and, therefore, unsuitable for epistemic/modal analysis. Hence, one cannot decide to what extent FFM is a priori versus empirical. Only a scientific language, with explicitly stated primitives, axioms, and definitions will permit such a decision.