Time Pressure Heuristics Can Improve Performance Due to Increased Consistency

Our goal is to demonstrate that potential performance theory (PPT) provides a unique type of methodology for studying the use of heuristics under time pressure. While most theories tend to focus on different types of strategies, PPT distinguishes between random and nonrandom effects on performance. We argue that the use of a heuristic under time pressure actually can increase performance by decreasing randomness in responding. We conducted an experiment where participants performed a task under time pressure or not. In turn, PPT equations make it possible to parse the observed change in performance from the unspeeded to the speeded condition into that which is due to a change in the participant's randomness in responding versus that which is due to a change in systematic factors. We found that the change in randomness was slightly more important than the change in systematic factors.     

Effects of Time Pressure on Mechanisms of Speech Production and Self-Monitoring

The purpose of the present study was to examine effects of time pressure on mechanisms of speech production and self-monitoring. The most widely accepted monitoring theory (Levelt, 1989) suggests that monitoring proceeds through language perception, that is, speech error detection is primarily based on the parsing of one's own inner and overt speech. Twenty-four subjects described visual networks at two different rates (normal and fast). The time pressure manipulation affected a number of temporal characteristics: the error to cutoff and cutoff to repair times were shorter in the fast than in the normal condition. The results indicate that the monitor adjusts its speed of error detection and repair planning to the faster speech output rate. The time pressure manipulation did not affect the accuracy of error detection. The implications for the perception theory of monitoring are discussed.     

时间压力对品牌决策中图形框架效应的影响

本研究以大学生为被试,以孙彦等人（2012）所研究的”MP3购买问题”为实验材料,采用2（时间压力：有时间压力/无时间压力）×2（图形版本：图形版本1/图形版本2）×2（品牌类型：品牌A/品牌B）三因素混合设计探讨了时间压力对品牌决策中图形框架效应的影响。结果表明：（1）在无时间压力条件下被试的品牌决策偏好受到了图形版本的影响,即出现了图形框架效应;（2）在有时间压力条件下图形框架效应对品牌决策偏好的影响被弱化了,说明图形框架效应是一个精细加工的过程。     

时距估计任务中的间断期望效应

使用单任务研究程序,采用引入提示线索的方法,以产生时距作为反应指标对存在间断的时距估计任务中的间断期望效应和提示线索效应（注意效应）进行系统考察,并对间断时距的效应、产生时距与等待时距的关系问题作出进一步探讨。结果表明,间断位置（等待时距）因素是被试时间判断的主要线索,被试的产生时距随着等待时距的增加而延长。间断实验中表现出极其显著的提示线索效应,此效应既增加了时距估计的变异,又延长了被试的时距估计。无间断实验条件下,被试表现出显著的间断期望效应,被试对间断的期望有损于时间估计。     

The Effect of Mental Practice on Performance in a Sequential Reaction Time Task

The effect of mental practice on performance in a dot-location RT task was investigated. Participants (N = 40) were required either to mentally practice, physically practice, or do no practice on an RT task in which the signals appeared in a repeating sequence. Correct mental practice, as opposed to incorrect mental practice and no practice, was predicted to have a positive (enhancing) effect on performance of the RT task. Despite previous evidence that mental rehearsal does enhance performance in many perceptual-motor tasks, neither correct nor incorrect mental rehearsal affected subsequent sequence learning; that is, no mental practice effect was observed. That surprising result is discussed in terms of motivational, psychoneuromuscular, separate memory systems, and transfer-appropriate processing explanations of mental practice.     

时间压力的双刃效应及其作用机制

时间压力是现代社会中人们经常面对的重要问题。以往研究认为时间压力只会产生消极影响, 然而现有研究发现时间压力也会产生积极影响。总结以往研究, 介绍了时间压力的概念和测量方式, 分别阐述了时间压力的损耗作用和促进作用, 并用注意焦点理论、激活理论、维生素模型和挑战?阻碍模型等理论解释时间压力的双刃效应。未来研究应该进一步关注：(1)基于时间心理账户开展时间压力的分类研究; (2)时间压力促进作用的动机和情绪双路径机制; (3)探寻有效缓解时间压力损耗作用的机制。     

时间压力、个人相关性对不同类型框架下决策的影响

该文以178名大学生为被试,考察三种框架下,时间压力、个人相关性对决策及框架效应的影响。结果表明,风险选择框架中,时间压力大,被试思考点数目少,决策保守;但压力和相关性均没有对框架效应造成影响;判定框架下,相关性越高,思考点数目越多,越不易出现框架效应;决策与思考点数目基本保持一致。     

事件时间估计偏差理论述

人们总是倾向低估完成某一任务的时间。计划谬误理论认为,时间低估倾向的原因是人们估计时间时忽视过去完成类似任务的经验,过于关注理想的任务计划和任务情景,从而导致乐观的时间估计。但是基于该理论的一些提高时间估计精确性的策略没有达到预期效果。针对这种不足,记忆偏差理论认为,人们利用的时间记忆带有偏差,从而导致偏差的时间估计。两个理论之间引起一些争论,但如果从解释水平理论的角度可以找到其相通之处     

根据血压昼夜节律选择服药时间控制血压晨峰

根据血压昼夜节律,观察给药时间对血压晨峰的影响。256例原发性高血压患者,经24h动态血压监测分为超杓型（n＝49）、杓型（n＝127）和非杓型（n＝80）3组;各组再分为清晨服药组和晚上服药组。用药6周,比较用药前后血压昼夜节律及血压晨峰的变化,发现在改变血压昼夜节律及降低血压晨峰方面,超杓型组清晨服药优于晚上服药,非杓型组晚上服药优于清晨服药;杓型组清晨服药与晚上服药均能降低晨峰值,提示根据个体血压昼夜节律选择服药时间能更好地控制血压晨峰。     

时间限制和成就动机对职业决策线索加工的影响

采用信息板技术探讨了时间限制条件下成就动机对职业决策线索加工的影响.结果表明:(1)时间限制影响了个体职业选择过程的平均决策时间、信息搜索深度和信息搜索模式,但未对决策满意度造成显著影响;(2)追求成功动机影响决策时的信息搜索模式,避免失败动机影响决策时的信息搜索深度.     

降压达标治疗中的个体化原则与优化治疗

为了提高高血压患者的降压达标率、最大程度地降低靶器官损伤,一方面应强化生活方式的改变,包括戒烟限酒、低盐饮食、减轻体重和适量运动,另一方面,由于原发性高血压的发病是由多种复杂因素的不同组合引起,应根据不同个体的高血压发病机制及病因的差异,在指南的指导下,应用不同种类抗高血压药物(单用或联合用药),采用针对个体的优化治疗,才能更有效地使降压治疗达标。     

判断与决策中的情感启发式

情感启发式是指在判断与决策的过程中,个体会有意识或无意识的利用自己对任务选项的主观情感反应来做出决策。具体来说,个体头脑中物体和事件的表征会激起不同水平的情感体验,这种不同的体验会对所有的表征做出积极或消极的标记,人们根据这些被标记的体验来做出判断和决策。情感启发式是个体在决策中常用的策略。目前,关于情感启发式心理机制的解释主要有情感启发式模型和双加工理论。此外,情感启发式的影响因素主要包括经验、时间压力、可评估性和计数能力等。未来的研究应主要集中在探究情感启发式的产生根源和进一步扩展情感启发式应用领域的研究。     

谈判中的时间因素

研究时间因素对谈判的影响有利于提高人们对时间重要性的认识,有效谈判策略的运用和整合结果的实现。时间因素对谈判者认知、行为和谈判结果的影响具体表现在：时间压力会降低谈判者的认知动机,使谈判者更加依赖认知启发式;暂停和中场休息是否会为谈判带来积极影响应该视不同的谈判事件和不同的心理状态而定;拉大谈判与结果实现之间的时间距离会提高谈判的共同结果,这可以从折扣效应和建构水平理论中得到解释。将来的谈判研究会进一步从时间向空间拓展     

时间压力和相似性对类比推理直觉加工的影响

通过两个实验探讨了时间压力对类比推理的直觉加工的影响。实验1采用三因素混合实验设计,以48名大学生为被试,在不同时间压力条件下对不同相似性言语类比推理题进行喜好度判断和类比推理逻辑判断。实验2是在实验1的基础上用图形类比推理题代替语义类比推理题,以56名大学生为被试。结果发现:(1)时间压力下,对跨领域言语类比推理的直觉加工效应显著高于逻辑加工效应;(2)时间压力下,低难度图形类比推理题的直觉加工效应显著高于逻辑加工效应。无时间压力条件下,图形类比推理的逻辑加工效应优势明显;(3)时间压力对类比推理的直觉加工和逻辑加工均有影响     

老年原发性高血压晨峰现象与靶器官损害临床研究

应用24h动态血压监测(ABPM)了解老年原发性高血压晨峰现象对主要靶器官结构及功能的潜在损害。114例老年原发性高血压患者根据24h动态血压监测分为晨峰组和非晨峰组,均常规检查血脂谱,空腹血糖,放免法测定尿微量白蛋白,计算体重指数(BMI)、左室质量指数(LVMI)、颈总动脉(CCA-IMT)和颈内动脉内膜中层厚度(ICA-IMT)、心电图测量计算QT离散度(QTcd)。晨峰组的24h、白昼、夜间平均收缩压均显著高于非晨峰组动态血压监测水平(P<0.05),而且晨峰组的睡-谷晨峰变异幅度增高有统计学意义(P<0.05)。晨峰组的LVMI、CCA-IMT、ICA-IMT、QTcd和尿微量白蛋白指标均高于非晨峰组(P<0.01)。两组在BMI、血脂谱、血糖差异无统计学意义。清晨高血压是老年原发性高血压病的一个不可忽视的潜在危险因素。长期晨间血压负荷升高使得机体全天处于血压高负荷状态,更易使心肌重构肥厚和心电生理特征改变,增加心律失常发生率;加速动脉粥样硬化斑块形成。因此遏制老年原发性高血压患者的晨峰高反应是降压达标和减缓靶器官损害的关键环节。     

降压达标对器官保护的作用

高血压作为心血管事件的重要危险因素,长期发展可导致重要器官的损害及心脑血管事件的发生。目前提倡理想的降压药物除了具有良好的降压作用外,应当具有一定的器官保护作用,降压的获益体现在对器官的保护及对心脑血管事件的降低方面。     

相似任务经验和未来时间充裕感对计划失误的影响

本研究检验了人们一种潜在的认知倾向,即低估任务的完成时间。本研究分为2个实验,从两个角度来研究人们低估任务时间的行为。实验一从不同预测方式的角度,检验了任务的相似性和认知需求因素对任务时间估计的影响。实验二从未来时间知觉的角度,检验了未来时间充裕感对任务的完成时间预测的影响。结果表明:不同的时间预测方式都会引起对任务完成/持续时间的低估;任务的相似性会利于任务时间估计的精确性;认知需求因素会和任务的相似性产生交互作用,从而影响任务完成时间的估计;未来时间充裕感的程度也会影响人们对当前任务的预测。     

Task Difficulty and the Time Scales of Warm-Up and Motor Learning

The authors investigated the influence of task difficulty on warm-up decrement and learning across practice sessions. Three groups of participants practiced a star-tracing task over 3 consecutive days with different levels (e.g., easy, medium, hard) of task difficulty. The performance data were modeled with a 2 time scale function that represented the transient, fast time scale process of warm-up decrement superimposed with the persistent, slow time scale process of learning. Movement time decreased as a function of practice with the most difficult condition exhibiting the greatest reduction though still the longest movement time. The 2 time scale model provided a better fit to the data than an exponential or power law function and showed that the 3 difficulty conditions exhibited similar rates of change for the respective slow (i.e., learning) and fast (i.e., warm-up decrement) time scale processes that varied by an order of magnitude. Task difficulty was inversely related to the initial level of warm-up decrement but not the rate of performance recovery early in a practice session. The findings support the postulation that there is a persistent learned component to the initial conditions in subsequent practice sessions but that there is a common time scale of accommodating the transient process of warm-up decrement.     

Time Use, Time Pressure and Gendered Behavior in Early and Late Adolescence

Using a stratified sample of Canadian adolescents residing in Ontario (n = 2,154) time use patterns and perceptions of time pressure are explored to determine gender differences among younger (12–14 years) and older adolescents (15–19 years). For both age groups, girls report a higher total workload of schoolwork, domestic activities and paid employment and spend more time on personal care while boys have more free time, especially during early adolescence. Feelings of time pressure for teens increase with age and are significantly higher for girls in both age categories. Gender differences are less pronounced on school days when time is fairly structured, but become more consistent with traditional gender schema on the weekend when time use is more discretionary.     

时间赋义对数字空间表征的影响：来自数字线估计任务的证据

数字线估计任务的大量研究以纯数字为研究对象而忽视了赋义数字。本研究以Siegler等的数字线估计任务为原型,探讨在对数字时间赋义条件下小学二、四和六年级儿童的数字表征形式是否发生变化。结果表明,小学二年级是0-1000范围内数字表征从对数形式转换为线性形式的转折点,对数字赋予时间含义后,三个年级均出现了赋义效应。在线性模型和对数模型中时间赋义的作用相反,时间赋义表现出抑线升对（抑制线性模型提升对数模型解释力）的效果。