A Comparison of Primary Alcoholics,Secondary Alcoholics,and Nonalcoholic Psychiatric Patients on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale

The MacAndrew Alcoholism (MAC) and Sc scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were examined in four groups of 20 male patients. Comparisons were made among primary alcoholics, secondary alcoholics (i.e., alcoholic psychiatric patients), nonalcoholic psychiatric patients (mixed diagnoses), and conservatively defined, nonalcoholic schizophrenics. Primary alcoholics scored higher on the MAC scale than did secondary alcoholics and other groups; schizophrenics scored lower than all other groups. Primary alcoholics were lower on the Sc scale than schizophrenics but did not differ from other groups. The results support MacAndrew's (1981) distinction between primary and secondary alcoholics and suggest that the MAC scale may enhance differentiation among diagnoses other than alcoholism.     

The Perception of the Passage of Time among Death-Involved Hospital Patients*

The present study attempted to evaluate the extent of the relationship between death involvement and temporal orientation among hospitalized suicidal, terminal, geriatrically ill, and normal patients. Their perception of the passage of time was evaluated by (a) behavioral estimations of elapsed time and (b) a survey of their opinions concerning the passage of time. The latter method included an evaluation of various consequences of the rate of time passage. The results indicated that the suicidal patients, closely followed by the geriatrically ill, overestimated time intervals to a much greater extent than did the normal and terminal patients. The suicidal subjects expressed a great deal of impulsiveness and described themselves as feeling miserable to a much greater degree than did the other groups.     

Application of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale to Alcoholics With Psychiatric Diagnoses

The MacAndrew Alcoholism scale scores of 140 mate patients from a large VA hospital were examined to assess whether the MAC scale can detect alcoholism among patients with psychiatric diagnoses. There were five diagnostic groups, each with 28 patients: alcoholics, alcoholics with neurotic disorders, alcoholics with personality disorders, nonalcoholic patients with neurotic disorders, and nonalcoholic patients with personality disorders. The MAC scale was able to differentiate alcoholics and nonalcoholic psychiatric patients, but was unable to differentiate either of the alcoholic psychiatric groups from its nonalcoholic psychiatric counterpart. Thus, it appears that the MAC scale may be unable to identify alcoholism among patients with combined alcoholic-psychiatric diagnoses.     

时间知觉和关联负变化

关联负变化（contingent negative variation, CNV）被认为是与时间知觉过程有关的ERP成份。有关研究发现,CNV波幅会随着时间知觉到的长度和时间知觉的准确性而发生变化;CNV波幅的潜伏期与时间比较的判断决策过程有关;时间知觉中所诱发的CNV的脑内源存在历时性激活的特点且存在半球效应。为了进一步揭示时间知觉的神经机制,还需要结合具有高空间分辨率的脑成像技术和神经心理学的研究     

A Puzzle Concerning Time Perception

According to a plausible and influential account of perceptual knowledge, the truth-makers of beliefs that constitute perceptual knowledge must feature in the causal explanation of how we acquire those beliefs. However, this account runs into difficulties when it tries to accommodate time perception – specifically perception of order and duration – since the features we are apparently tracking in such perception are (it is argued) not causal. The central aim of the paper is to solve this epistemological puzzle. Two strategies are examined. The first strategy locates the causal truth-makers within the psychological mechanism underlying time perception, thus treating facts about time order and duration as mind-dependent. This strategy, however, is problematic. The second strategy modifies the causal account of perceptual knowledge to include a non-causal component in the explanation of belief-acquisition, namely chronometric explanation. Applying this much more satisfactory approach to perceptual knowledge of time, we can preserve the mind-independence of order and duration, but not that of time's flow.     

Prismatic Lenses Shift Time Perception

ABSTRACT— Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of spatial codes in the representation of time and numbers. We took advantage of a well-known spatial modulation (prismatic adaptation) to test the hypothesis that the representation of time is spatially oriented from left to right, with smaller time intervals being represented to the left of larger time intervals. Healthy subjects performed a time-reproduction task and a time-bisection task, before and after leftward and rightward prismatic adaptation. Results showed that prismatic adaptation inducing a rightward orientation of spatial attention produced an overestimation of time intervals, whereas prismatic adaptation inducing a leftward shift of spatial attention produced an underestimation of time intervals. These findings not only confirm that temporal intervals are represented as horizontally arranged in space, but also reveal that spatial modulation of time processing most likely occurs via cuing of spatial attention, and that spatial attention can influence the spatial coding of quantity in different dimensions.     

Perfectionism and Suicide Ideation in Adolescent Psychiatric Patients

This study was conducted to examine the relations between dimensions of perfectionism and suicide ideation in an adolescent psychiatric sample. A sample of 66 adolescents from an inpatient psychiatric facility completed the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, the Child's Hopelessness Scale, and the Suicide Ideation Questionnaire. Overall, the results indicated that socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with greater suicide ideation and that it, along with hopelessness, accounted for unique variance in suicide ideation scores. The findings are discussed in terms of their practical and theoretical significance as well as their consistency with similar research with adults.     

Body Temperature Influence on Time Perception

The chemical clock hypothesis implies a causal link between body temperature and the perception of duration. A strict interpretation of this construct requires a common slope value in an Arrhenius plot that relates time to temperature for every individual tested. Previous studies testing this proposition have confirmed a general relationship for data summed across multiple subjects. However, the same studies raise doubts as to whether this relationship holds for each and every individual tested. Unfortunately, these investigations have been limited by methodological constraints, thus, one could argue that the strong isomorphism intrinsic to the chemical clock hypothesis has yet to be fairly tested. In the present experiment, I sought to distinguish the effects of selective head temperature changes on the estimation of duration. Nonlinear decreases in estimated duration were observed with ascending deep auditory canal temperature. These findings support the contention of a thermally stable region of temporal perception bounded by conditions in which temporal estimates directly depend on body temperature. In contradicting physiological adequacy as an explanatory construct, the present results suggest a direct relationship between time perception and the homeothermic platform. I compare these results with earlier findings concerning the chemical clock concept and examine respective discrepancies as a basis for a fuller understanding of a temporal phenomenon that is frequently referred to as me internal clock.     

海洛因戒断者的时间知觉特征

本研究采用时间二分任务来探讨海洛因戒断者的时间知觉特征。结果发现: (1)戒断组的长反应比例在中间时距上显著高于对照组; (2)戒断组的主观相等点低于对照组且差异显著, 韦伯比例与对照组相比差异不显著。结论: 海洛因戒断者更容易高估时间, 并且对时间的高估更多体现在中间时距上。     

Self-Concepts of Hospitalized and Day-Care Psychiatric Patients

Abstract

The authors administered questionnaires to 44 hospitalized and 55 day-care psychiatric patients in Hong Kong. The groups were similar in sex, age, and education. The hospitalized participants, compared with the day-care participants, showed significantly higher self-concepts in general as well as in the particular aspects of social and personal aspirations. The findings indicate that support at the community level is important to help the psychiatric patients' transition from hospital care to day care.     

Suicide in Psychiatric Patients: Age Distribution

ABSTRACT: In eight years, 21183 San Diego County residents killed themselves. Of these, 52 had been at some time patients of one private psychiatric group. The suicide rate increased with age for the county population but not for the psychiatric patients. This difference was highly significant. Although older people generally are at greater risk for suicide, older psychiatric patients may be more responsive to treatment.     

精神性疾病患者之诡辩性思维解析及应对

精神性疾病患者的诡辩性思维又称复杂性思维,是用复杂言语,表达简单问题,所以让人听不懂。常见机制是反复使用干词、思维删节、语法缺失和错语症,次常见机制是私人用语、过度包含性思维和夸张言语,本质上不是逻辑障碍,而是一种言语表达障碍。反复使用干词是指患者反复使用要表达的具有核心意义的词;思维删节是指患者在言语表达时,漏掉了不该漏的字、词、句;语法缺失是指患者说一句话时,词与词的顺序颠倒了;错语症是指患者在思维表达时,有的词想不起来,就绕开该词,用其他的话来说明该词。     

情绪对时间知觉的影响

研究了情绪唤醒度和愉悦度对时间知觉的影响及其机制.以53名大学生为被试,采用中国情绪图片系统为情绪诱发材料,使用时间两分法和泛化法考察唤醒和注意机制对时间知觉的影响.结果表明:在短时距下,(1)唤醒度和愉悦度对时间知觉的影响可能是独立的,两个实验中交互作用都不显著;(2)情绪主要通过唤醒机制影响时间知觉,被试在高唤醒情绪下知觉到的时间显著长于在低唤醒情绪下知觉到的时间.     

时间知觉与估计的认知理论综述

本文回顾时间知觉与估计的实验研究 ,总结该领域的国内外研究结果 ,对该领域的各主要认知模型作了较全面的考察和评述 ,并进一步探讨了时间认知领域研究的今后发展 ,尤其是时间知觉与估计研究的脑电研究思路。     

A Comparison of Suicide and Undetermined Deaths in Psychiatric Patients

ABSTRACT: Those people who had previously been patients of the Department of Mental Health of Missouri who died in the three year period 1972 through 1974 and whose deaths were designated as suicide or “undetermined whether purposely or accidentally inflicted,” were identified by matching statewide death tapes against the DMH data base. The demographic characteristics of the two groups are compared to ascertain if the members of the undetermined group are essentially similar to the suicides, as has frequently been hypothesized. It is found that, in general, the similarities are in areas which would not have had a direct influence on the medical examiner/coroner's verdict, whereas, the differences do highlight areas which could cause an indecisive verdict. The significance of the undetermined deaths is discussed.     

Psychiatric Comorbidity and Functional Status in Adult Patients with Asthma

The goals of this study were to characterize the frequency of psychiatric disorders among patients with asthma, and to compare differences in functional status among asthma patients with and without comorbid depression and anxiety disorders. Fifty patients with confirmed asthma were administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R and completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey. Patients with asthma had a higher lifetime prevalence of major depression, panic disorder, and agoraphobia, but a lower prevalence of social phobia, compared to lifetime prevalence rates for psychiatric disorders in a national probability sample. Participants with comorbid asthma and major depression had poorer physical and mental health functioning and health perception than did asthma patients without major depression. The results suggest that certain psychiatric disorders are common among patients with asthma and that depression is associated with significantly increased functional morbidity. These findings underscore the need for the appropriate detection and treatment of these comorbid conditions.     

时距知觉的扭曲:新异刺激效应

时距知觉会受到刺激新异性的影响,新异刺激的呈现时间往往被认为长于等时距重复出现的标准刺激的呈现时间.已有研究在解释这种主观的时距扩张现象时主要涉及三种假设:注意假设、唤醒假设和神经编码效能假设.研究中的变量混淆问题、跨通道效应和时间因素是今后研究中值得思考的几个问题.对于新异刺激效应产生的心理和神经机制,研究者们还存在着较大分歧.进一步探讨其心理和神经机制对理解时距知觉具有重要意义.     

数字加工任务影响时距知觉的数字效应

本研究采用复制时距和数字加工双任务,探讨数字大小影响时距知觉的机制。实验首先呈现不同时距的圆点,然后让被试按键复制圆点呈现的时距,与此同时,对屏幕上出现的数字进行命名(实验1)、奇偶数判断(实验2)、大小判断(实验3)。实验结果发现对数字进行奇偶数判断时,数字大小对时距知觉没有影响;进行数字命名和大小判断任务时,数字大小对时距知觉都产生了影响,并且时距不同,数字大小对时距知觉的影响也不同。该结果表明时距知觉的数字效应与数字加工任务和时距长短有关,呈现出动态变化的过程。