共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Susanne Wiking Maria L. Brattfjell Eric E. Iversen Kasia Malinowska Reidun L. Mikkelsen Lars Petter Røed Jørgen E. Westgren 《Applied cognitive psychology》2016,30(2):226-233
This study examined sex differences in furniture assembly performance by manipulating the availability of instructions. Two groups of participants with an equal number of men and women assembled a kitchen trolley from IKEA. One group received step‐by‐step instructions, and the other group a diagram of the finished product. In addition, individual spatial ability was measured with the mental rotation test (MRT) and added to the analyses. Our results showed that men assembled the furniture faster (d = 0.78) and more accurately (d = 0.65) than women. Overall, participants performed better with step‐by‐step instructions than without (d = 0.61), and the time spent on instructions was negatively related to MRT scores, r = ?.428, p = .006. Aside from the time spent on instructions, women assembled the furniture nearly as fast as men did, and the sex difference in assembly score could be explained by differences in individual spatial ability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Approximately 2,500 adults (ages 18-97) completed multiple study-test trials of a list of unrelated words. Consistent with past research, females outperformed males in the recall task. To assess whether sex differences in recall performance were attributable to differences in acquiring and/or retaining information, the data were analyzed at the individual item level to distinguish gains (i.e., items not recalled on Trial n that were recalled on Trial n+1) and losses (i.e., items recalled on Trial n that were not recalled on Trial n+1). Being a male, increased age, lower verbal episodic memory ability, and lower vocabulary ability were associated with smaller gains and greater losses. Even when controlling for the influence of other individual difference variables, being a male was still associated with fewer gains across the majority of trials. These results suggest that one factor contributing to sex differences in recall performance are differences in acquiring new items rather than differences in retaining information across trials. 相似文献
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Despite impressive employment gains in many fields of science, women remain underrepresented in fields requiring intensive use of mathematics. Here we discuss three potential explanations for women's underrepresentation: (a) male-female mathematical and spatial ability gaps, (b) sex discrimination, and (c) sex differences in career preferences and lifestyle choices. Synthesizing findings from psychology, endocrinology, sociology, economics, and education leads to the conclusion that, among a combination of interrelated factors, preferences and choices-both freely made and constrained-are the most significant cause of women's underrepresentation. 相似文献
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Sex Differences in Episodic Memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT— Research shows sex differences in episodic memory. These differences vary in magnitude as a function of the type of material to be remembered. Throughout the life span, verbal episodic-memory tasks yield differences favoring women. In contrast, episodic-memory tasks requiring visuospatial processing result in differences favoring men. There are also sex differences favoring women on episodic-memory tasks requiring both verbal and visuospatial processing and on face-recognition tasks. Thus, there may be a small, general episodic-memory advantage for women—an advantage that can increase by the advantage women have over men in verbal production and can be reversed by the male advantage in visuospatial tasks. In addition, environmental factors affect the magnitude of the sex differences in episodic memory. 相似文献
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David C. Geary 《Current directions in psychological science》1999,8(4):115-120
From an evolutionary perspective, childhood is the portion of the life span during which individuals practice and refine those competencies that facilitate survival and reproduction in adulthood. Although the skeletal structure of these competencies appears to be inherent, social interaction and play flesh them out during childhood so that they are adapted to local conditions. Darwin's principles of sexual selection, including male-male competition over mates and female choice of mating partners, successfully explain the acquisition and expression of reproductive competencies in hundreds of species. When this perspective is applied to humans, it predicts sex differences that are, in fact, found in the childhood activities of boys and girls and that reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies in adulthood. A few of these differences are described, along with cultural factors that modify their expression. The article closes with a brief discussion of the social and scientific implications. 相似文献
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Joyce F. Benenson Maria Philippoussis Rebecca Leeb 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(3):332-342
The authors undertook the present study to determine whether under ecologically valid, low-stress conditions, female and male neonates could be differentiated on cuddliness. Sixteen female and 15 male neonates were videotaped interacting briefly with both a female and a male adult who were blind to the sex of the neonate. Raters coded degree of cuddliness and activity level. Results showed that raters could discriminate the sex of the neonate on the basis of degree of cuddliness. Discussion focuses on the importance of theoretical and methodological considerations in assessing sex differences in behavioral characteristics of neonates. 相似文献
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Dorothy Einon 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1980,32(3):473-489
Rats reared in social isolation made more errors on a spatial memory task and made errors earlier in each trial than socially reared rats. The difference in performance only occurred when rats were isolated prior to 50 days of age, and it survived IOO days of subsequent social housing. IOO days of isolation after 50 days of age did not influence performance on the spatial memory task. Subsequent experiments suggest that spatial abilities may not differ between groups but that isolates are slower to learn to make a particular response and to locate a particular arm when spatial and response cues are irrelevant. In contrast to previous experiments, clear response strategies were seen in the present experiments. These were prevalent in the young (54-days-old) rats, were less common at 90 days and had completely disappeared by 180 days. Response strategies were more common in male rats and in socially reared rats. 相似文献
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Two quantitative experiments involving eidetic imagery, performed in 1928–29 on two girls, ages 11 and 15 years, respectively, were repeated in every detail in 1974 on the same two persons. It was found that minor changes (perhaps unreliable) had occurred in the precision of eidetic projection, and that both Ss retained their ability to project a seen circle onto a target square and compare the two for “goodness of fit.” 相似文献
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Ligia M. Chavez Patrick E. Shrout Margarita Alegría Sheri Lapatin Glorisa Canino 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1165-1177
Latino children in the U.S. have high rates of unmet need for mental health services, perhaps due to biased perceptions of
impairment and need for care by parents and providers. We tested this argument using an experimental vignette design. Vignettes
described children with problems that varied on severity (mild vs. serious), nature of the problem (internalizing vs. externalizing), as well as gender and ethnicity (Latino vs. Anglo). Raters were Latino and Anglo parents (N = 185) and providers (N = 189). Vignettes with Latino names were viewed as more impaired by both parents and providers, and this effect was significantly
stronger in Latino vignettes with less severe problems. Severity and Latino features of vignettes also interacted with judgments
of need for service. At higher severity, vignettes with Anglo names were judged to need service more than vignettes with Latino
names, despite the same judged levels of impairment. Results are discussed in the light of the unmet need for Latinos. 相似文献