情绪韵律调节情绪词识别的ERP研究

采用韵律/词汇干扰范式和延迟匹配任务, 通过两个ERP实验, 考察了汉语口语中情绪韵律能否、以及如何调节情绪词的识别。实验一中, 不同类型的情绪韵律分组呈现, ERP结果显示, 同与情绪韵律效价一致的情绪词相比, 与情绪韵律效价不一致的情绪词诱发了走向更负的P200、N300和N400成分; 实验二中, 不同类型的情绪韵律随机呈现, 上述效价一致性效应依然存在。实验结果表明, 情绪韵律能够调节情绪词识别, 主要表现在对情绪词的音韵编码和语义加工的双重易化上。     

Recognition of Affective Speech Prosody and Facial Affect in Deaf Children with Unilateral Right Cochlear Implants

Cochlear implant (CI) devices provide the opportunity for children who are deaf to perceive sound by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve, with the goal of optimizing oral communication. One part of oral communication concerns meaning, while another part concerns emotion: affective speech prosody, in the auditory domain, and facial affect, in the visual domain. It is not known whether childhood CI users can identify emotion in speech and faces, so we investigated speech prosody and facial affect in children who had been deaf from infancy and experienced CI users. METHOD: Study participants were 18 CI users (ages 7–13 years) who received right unilateral CIs and 18 age- and gender-matched controls. Emotion recognition in speech prosody and faces was measured by the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy. RESULTS: Compared to controls, children with right CIs could identify facial affect but not affective speech prosody. Age at test and time since CI activation were uncorrelated with overall outcome measures. CONCLUSION: Children with right CIs recognize emotion in faces but have limited perception of affective speech prosody.     

The Development of Behavioral Difficulties in Hard-of-Hearing and Deaf Youth

Abstract

This article critically reviews the existing literature examining the presence of behavioral difficulties in relation to language and parenting behaviors among hard-of-hearing youth. A collection of studies has researched the prevalence and development of externalizing behaviors in hard-of-hearing children that impact the well-being of the child and family. Previous literature has found that behavioral difficulties in hard-of-hearing youth contributed to increased parental stress and mental health concerns. Although the relationship between language and behavioral difficulties has been examined, minimal research evaluates the effects of parenting behaviors and parental stress on behavioral difficulties among hard-of-hearing youth. Further exploration within this population is necessary to inform treatment and prevention strategies.     

社会性发展迟滞大学生的情绪韵律识别特点

情绪韵律识别指个体通过对他人话语中除语义以外的声学线索进行分析,推断他人情绪状态的过程。本研究通过2个实验对社会性发展迟滞大学生的情绪韵律识别特点进行探索。结果发现：（1）社会性发展迟滞组厌恶和恐惧韵律的识别正确率显著低于对照组,两组在其他情绪韵律识别正确率上无显著差异;且两组被试情绪韵律识别趋势一致：高兴、愤怒、悲伤、恐惧和厌恶韵律识别正确率依次递减;（2）当语义与韵律矛盾时,迟滞组比对照组更易受语义干扰。     

工作记忆训练及对数学能力的迁移作用

工作记忆缺陷会影响个体数学能力发展。通过记忆策略、广度、刷新、转换等功能的工作记忆训练,可以改善个体认知功能。然而,工作记忆训练对个体的阅读、数学、流体智力等方面的远迁移效果并不一致。研究表明,工作记忆训练可以改善数感、视觉空间能力、推理能力等数学一般技能;也会通过改善语音工作记忆以及空间能力促进数学计算能力,或者通过改善中央执行系统,提升数学问题表征、模式识别、解题迁移、策略选择等复杂的过程,从而促进数学问题解决能力。因此,区分不同数学任务的认知过程,可以获得工作记忆训练对数学能力迁移效果的进一步证据。今后,神经影像学的证据或许也是未来工作记忆训练对数学能力提高的又一佐证。     

韵律在语言加工中的作用及其神经机制

综述了近年来使用即时加工方法进行的韵律理解和作用机制方面的一些研究。首先, 介绍了韵律特征在句法加工中的作用, 从重音、韵律边界和韵律单元三个研究角度分析了韵律在句子理解中所起的作用及作用的时间点; 然后, 探讨了韵律加工的脑机制问题。论文最后提出未来的研究应在更广阔的视野中对韵律的加工阶段以及韵律与其他心理过程之间的关系进行探讨。     

Complementarity of Linguistic and Prosodic Processes in the Intact Brain

Despite considerable speculation in the research literature regarding the complementarity of functional lateralization of prosodic and linguistic processes in the normal intact brain, few studies have directly addressed this issue. In the present study, behavioral laterality indices of emotional prosodic and traditional linguistic speech functions were obtained for a sample of healthy young adults, using the dichotic listening method. After screening for adequate emotional prosody and linguistic recognition abilities, participants completed the Fused Rhymed Words Test (FRWT; Wexler & Halwes, 1983) and the Dichotic Emotion Recognition Test (DERT; McNeely & Netley, 1998). Examination of the difference in ear asymmetries for these measures within individuals revealed a complementary pattern in 78% of the sample. However, the correlation between laterality quotients for the FRWT and DERT was near zero, supporting Bryden's model of "statistical" complementarity (e.g., Bryden, 1990).     

情感韵律在真假句子加工上的差异：来自ERPs的证据

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术探讨语义-情感韵律的神经生理机制。六种基本情绪类型的韵律分两种条件呈现给被试,即假句子的韵律预期偏差条件和真句子的语义-韵律预期偏差条件。研究结果表明两种预期偏差是纯粹的价独立,无论情感价正性还是负性都会得出相同的ERP效应;六种情感韵律都诱发了右单侧化的ERP正波效应,而语义-情感韵律都诱发了早期双侧化分布的ERP负波效应。本研究进一步证实了情感韵律和语义-情感韵律加工的时间进程的差异性;同时,无论是有语义的真句子和无语义的假句子,情感韵律都能够提高表达的目的意图。     

聋人双字词音位识别的实验研究

聋人能利用视觉音素意识解码词汇语音。与健听人音位位置效应一致,聋人对汉字声母更敏感,但双字词中是否也有类似的声母优势还不清楚。采用音位识别任务探讨聋人双字词识别的声母优势及其原因,研究一利用编码方式考察指拼的作用,发现了声母识别优势,表明聋人能利用字母和指拼两种方式解码双字词语音且编码方式不影响声母优势;研究二进一步利用汉字位置探讨音位序列加工对声母识别优势的作用,结果发现了声母优势、首字优势及首字声母优势,表明聋人识别双字词音位在汉字水平、汉字音节内水平都遵循从左至右的序列加工,与健听人一致,同时还受指拼声母的特殊影响。整个研究表明,聋人识别汉字语音建立在视觉音素意识基础上,双字词的声母识别优势受指拼声母强化、双字词汉字位置效应、音节内音位位置效应的共同作用。     

聋人唇读的大脑机制研究

特定区域整合模型与信息传输接替模型提供了聋人唇读不同的大脑机制,前者认为聋人唇读是由特定大脑皮层(如TSS．后扣带回等)加工的结果,听觉皮层并未参与视觉语言认知加工;后者认为聋人唇读的大脑机制与正常人无声唇读的大脑机制基本相似,是通过皮层下的连接区域(如屏状核)激活了视觉皮层、听觉皮层等。但更多的证据支持信息传输接替模型。聋人的听觉皮层具有可塑性,早期的语言经验对言语加工神经通路的建立具有很大的影响。     

聋人早期手语经验对脑功能及结构的塑造作用

语言经验对脑功能和结构发展有重要的塑造作用。然而, 目前的相关证据主要来自对脑损伤导致的失语症病人的语言康复、第二语言学习以及针对成人读者进行的语言训练等方面的研究。幼儿时期的早期语言经验对脑结构与功能发展的影响更加重要, 但直接的研究证据却相当缺乏。本文提出一个研究设想, 拟综合使用多种脑成像技术, 系统探讨有早期手语经验和无早期手语经验的聋人个体在脑皮层语言功能的组织及脑结构发育的差异, 包括语言任务中大脑语言区的激活模式, 静息状态下脑功能联结的默认网络特征, 脑皮层灰质密度, 以及神经纤维束发育状况等, 揭示早期语言经验对大脑功能和结构发育的塑造作用。     

聋童和正常儿童在内隐和外显记忆上的发展差异

本研究采用自行编制计算机化的加工分离程序(PDP)．旨在探讨聋童和正常儿童是否在内隐和外显记忆上存在不同的发展模式。结果显示：(1)人群和年龄对内隐记忆没有显著影响,而外显记忆存在显著的人群差异和年龄差异;(2)外显记忆的人群和年龄存在显著的交互作用,聋童随年龄增长,其外显记忆存在显著的发展,而正常儿童的外显记忆有略微的下降。本研究结果支持意识和无意识的权衡理论．并为聋童教育提供了一些启示。     

Gender Bias in the Personality Disorders Criteria: An Investigation of Five Bias Indicators

This study examined possible gender bias in personality disorder criteria by considering a number of potential empirical indicators of bias: prevalence differences in a nonclinical sample; the implications of gender differences as perceived by nonprofessionals; the internal consistency of criteria as a function of gender; and the gender-normativeness of criteria. One hundred one participants familiar with the DSM-IV completed questionnaires assessing the presence of each criterion, and the perceived implications of the criteria for men and women. Results showed that the global mean self-rating for the criteria did not differ as a function of gender although there were some differences for individual criteria. Criteria that were more prevalent in one gender appeared to be viewed as a greater problem for that gender. The criteria also appeared to be measuring abnormal rather than gender-normative behaviors. Twelve criteria demonstrated differential convergence with other indicators of disorder as a function of gender, with most converging better for men than for women.     

Treatment of Deaf Clients: Ethical Considerations for Professionals in Psychology

Providing therapy to deaf clients raises important ethical considerations for psychologists related to competence; multiple relationships and boundary issues; confidentiality; assessment, diagnosis, and evaluation; and communication and using interpreters. In evaluating and addressing these, psychologists must consider the American Psychological Association’s Ethics Code and other relevant issues (e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act) necessary to provide ethical treatment. The current article provides background, ethical considerations, principles and standards relevant to the treatment of deaf clients, and recommendations to support psychologists, training programs, and the field. Psychologists have the responsibility to guarantee that the benefits of mental health treatment are fairly and justly provided to this traditionally underserved population.     

聋生汉字加工的自由回忆与词序位置记忆实验研究

本研究采用韵母相同、声母相同、音异形似和音同形似四类汉字字组,对使用手语聋生、使用口语聋生和听力正常大学生进行了自由回忆和词序位置记忆两个实验。结果表明,聋生不论在汉字字组的自由回忆中还是在汉字次序信息的记忆中,对汉字的记忆效果不仅都与字组类型有关,而且都受到了语音干扰,存在语音混淆现象。这就证明,聋生在汉字加工过程中使用了语音编码,语音编码在聋生汉字加工过程中确实起到了非常重要的作用。     

高低阅读技能聋生词汇加工的语境预测性效应特点:眼动证据

本研究考察中文聋生读者利用语境预测性信息促进词汇加工的过程特点。实验采用3（组别：高阅读技能聋生组vs.高阅读技能聋生的能力匹配健听组vs.低阅读技能聋生组）×2（句子背景对目标词的预测程度：高预测vs.低预测）混合设计。结果发现：（1）目标词的左侧词汇上,能力匹配健听组在凝视时间和总注视时间两个指标上可见语境预测性效应,两个聋生组在任何指标上均没有语境预测性效应;（2）目标词上,能力匹配健听组在首次注视时间、凝视时间和总注视时间三项指标上均可见显著的语境预测性效应,高阅读技能聋生组仅在总注视上可见语境预测性效应,低阅读技能聋生的任何眼动指标均没有语境预测性效应。由此可见,聋生在利用语境预测性促进词汇加工方面与健听读者有所差异;相对于低阅读技能聋生,高阅读技能聋生读者识别词汇时能更多地利用语境预测性信息。     

移动窗口条件下聋生阅读过程中字词识别的实验研究

本研究采用移动窗口技术,以短文为实验材料,分别以单字呈现和多字呈现两种方式,对阅读技能水平较高和较低的聋生进行了实验,旨在验证和探讨聋生在汉语文章阅读过程中语音编码所起的作用。实验结果发现,聋生在短文阅读过程中存在语音激活的现象,但语音与字形所起的作用在不同实验中表现不同;聋生,特别是阅读能力较高的聋生,在阅读过程中,字形起到了关键的作用。     

聋生和听力正常学生解决加减文字题的眼动比较研究

采用EyetinkⅡ眼动记录仪,探讨了聋生与解题正确率高的听力正常学生表征和解决加减文字题的差异。被试为小学3年级学生．聋生12名．听力正常学生8名。研究结果表明：（1）在解决加减文字题时,聋生与解题正确率高的听力正常学生在阅读方式、关注关键信息上有显著差异,很多聋生阅读没规律．漏看文字题的关键信息;（2）聋生解决加减文字题的困难与其不能正确表征文字题的文本有关。     

无法忍受不确定性与担忧：对记忆偏差与解释偏差的检验

本研究旨在探索记忆偏差与解释偏差在无法忍受不确定性(IU)与个体担忧之间的中介作用。实验1采用伴随学习任务范式,计算被试对中性词语和不确定词的回忆量。结果发现,IU对记忆偏差的预测不显著,记忆偏差在IU与担忧倾向之间的中介作用不显著。实验2采用情境评估任务范式收集被试在不确定情境下的担忧评分和解释倾向。结果发现,IU可以正向预测被试在不确定情境下的担忧评分,被试对情境的解释倾向在IU与担忧评分的关系中起到中介作用。概言之,高IU个体存在一定的信息加工偏差。