Factors Associated with Transposition Behavior of Preschool Children

To assess ideas, derived from a contextual paradigm, stressing the influence of adolescents' perceptions of the physical and social components of their school environment on their self-esteems and academic performances, 183 black early adolescents (mean age = 12.1 years, SD = .5 years; 54.6% female) were administered five semantic differential scales. The first provided a measure of self-esteem, while the remaining four provided measures of perceptions of the social environment of the school (i.e., of peers and of teachers) and of the physical environment of the school (i.e., of the classroom and of the school building). There were few systematic sex differences in responses to the scales. As predicted, school environment perceptions were significantly related to self-esteem in both males and females. However, although self-esteem and a report of grade point average, as a measure of academic performance, were significantly related, there was no relation between school environmental perceptions and reported grade point average.     

Counseling the Children of Handicapped Parents

The children of the handicapped frequently need counseling to help them cope with the consequences of their parents' handicaps. Parental handicaps typically lead to modifications in parenting behavior and family structure that may be perceived as deficiencies. Kennedy and Bush discuss the child's reaction to parental handicap in the context of object loss and attachment. Evidence suggests that the children of the handicapped are overrepresented among those who are in some way maladjusted or in need of counseling. This article focuses on multiple sclerosis in parents, including its impact on children, suggested interventions, and a case study.     

Factors Influencing Parental Use of Booster Seats for Their Children

Given that injuries sustained in motor vehicle crashes are the primary health threat to children today and children between the ages of four and eight years are the most susceptible to injury because they are the least likely to be restrained appropriately, the purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with booster seat use using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a model. Results demonstrated that intention to use booster seats significantly predicted self-reported use of booster seats, and attitudes, but not subjective norms or perceived control, predicted the intention to use booster seats. The present study was an initial attempt to add to a limited body of research in the area of child passenger safety. Further research is needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the factors associated with booster seat use in order to reduce injury in this vulnerable age group.     

A Mutual-Help Project for Families of Handicapped Children

The authors describe a program for families of handicapped children that features educational programs and parent and sibling support groups.     

残障儿童家庭教育环境研究

对上海市２８６名残障儿童家长进行问卷调查,了解残障儿童家庭教育环境。结果发现：核心家庭占绝大多数;残障儿童家长学历层次和经济收入较低;家长普遍认为家庭教育很有必要,但对自己在家庭教育中的作用认识不充分;大多数家长除了与教师有较好的交流合作外,在与家庭其他成员、其他残障儿童家长以及邻居的交流合作均不理想。     

影响个体道德选择的社会因素分析

影响个体道德选择的因素很多,从社会这个宏观角度来看,影响个体道德选择的因素有:社会结构、风俗习惯和道德情境。通过对影响个体道德选择的社会因素进行分析,可以为道德建设和道德教育提供理论上和方法论上的支持。     

Developing a System for Processing Health Data of Children Using Digitalized Toys: Ethical and Privacy Concerns for the Internet of Things Paradigm

EDUCERE (Ubiquitous Detection Ecosystem to Care and Early Stimulation for Children with Developmental Disorders) is a government funded research and development project. EDUCERE objectives are to investigate, develop, and evaluate innovative solutions for society to detect changes in psychomotor development through the natural interaction of children with toys and everyday objects, and perform stimulation and early attention activities in real environments such as home and school. In the EDUCERE project, an ethical impact assessment is carried out linked to a minors’ data protection rights. Using a specific methodology, the project has achieved some promising results. These include use of a prototype of smart toys to detect development difficulties in children. In addition, privacy protection measures which take into account the security concerns of health data, have been proposed and applied. This latter security framework could be useful in other Internet of Things related projects. It consists of legal and technical measures. Special attention has been placed in the transformation of bulk data such as acceleration and jitter of toys into health data when patterns of atypical development are found. The article describes the different security profiles in which users are classified.     

聋儿的心理理论发展特点及影响因素

目前,探究聋儿的心理理论（TheoryofMind,ToM）发展特点多从三个方面进行：一是分析聋儿与正常儿童及自闭症儿童ToM水平的差异;二是比较聋父母聋儿、口语聋儿及正常父母聋儿的ToM发展差异;三是分析聋儿对不同心理状态的理解水平。此外,对聋儿ToM发展影响因素的讨论,多是从聋儿交往、语言、训练等角度进行的     

An Observational Technique for Preschool Children

Summary

A method for direct observational study of early peer-social and objectdirect behavior for human subjects was designed to be articulated with techniques widely used in studies of social behavior in infrahuman primates.

Occurrence of behavior fitting the definitions of each of six categories of object behavior and nine categories of social behavior is noted once during each 15-second interval. The number of recorded intervals in a 15-minute session provides the basic scoring unit.

Observer reliabilities were estimated from paired data and four observers. Thirty-eight Negro and white children ages three through five years were observed in three child play groups. Median reliabilities of .95 (range .63 to .98) and .81 (range .69 to .94) were obtained for object and social behavior categories respectively.     

The Role of Verbal Behavior,Stimulus Nameability,and Familiarity on the Equivalence Performances of Autistic and Normally Developing Children

The Psychological Record - The emergence of equivalence relations and the role of overall verbal competence and stimulus nameability and familiarity in this regard were investigated across 3...     

Differential Predictability: Selection of Handicapped and Non-handicapped

This research is concerned with the question of differential predictability of handicapped and non-handicapped subgroups. The specific question posed was: Is the performance of non-handicapped subgroups of skilled, clerical, and non-skilled workers more predictable than that of handicapped subgroups when aptitude measures are used as predictors? Correlations between scores on selected scales of the GATB and a composite performance criterion were obtained for each of the subgroups. Results showed a pattern of consistently lower validities for the handicapped which suggests that aptitude measures typically used in selection may not be appropriate for the handicapped, and that validity coefficients may be diluted by the inclusion of this subgroup with the non-handicapped in validity studies.     

影响阅读困难儿童信息加工过程的因素

文章探讨了学习不良儿童中阅读困难者信息加工过程的特点,重点介绍了阅读困难儿童在语音、命名-速度上存在的缺陷及据此提出的不同假设,并分析了相互补偿模型及其在阅读困难儿童阅读过程中的作用,最后介绍了对阅读困难儿童信息加工特点研究的展望及其实践意义。     

Visual Perception in Acoustically Deprived and Normally Hearing Children

In the present study an attempt was made to establish if and to what extent auditory deprivation modifies the processes of visual analysis and synthesis. The study included 54 children aged 10–16 years with hearing impairment attending the School and Educational Center for Children with Hearing Impairment in Wroc?aw (group I) and 127 children with normal hearing acuity attending public schools (group II), forming a reference group. Hearing impairment in the children of group I was from 60 to 100 dB. In 9 of these children the hearing impairment was inherited, while in some others it was acquired and resulted from rubella during the mother's pregnancy (5 subjects) or a severe disease course in childhood, for instance cerebral meningitis (4 subjects) and otolaryngologic antibiotic therapy (7 subjects). In the remaining subjects the reason for auditory deprivation was unknown. Hearing impairment, apart from genetically conditioned causes, appeared in the first months or years of life. The general intellectual level of the examined children was similar to that of their control counterparts, which was confirmed by school psychologists during a routine examination. The examination was performed by means of two tests from the Nonverbal Score of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Puzzles and Block Design. The children with a hearing deficit generally needed more time to perform the tasks than those with normal hearing. The investigated parameters of visual perception improved in correlation with age, but the dynamics of these changes were different in the two study groups.