A Factorial Analysis of Responses to the Comic as a Study in Personality

Modeling techniques were used to model moderate disclosure to high and low disclosers. Eighty female undergraduates (40 low disclosers and 40 high disclosers) listened to a model select items that were rated as moderate disclosures for discussion. Two modeling conditions were employed; in one condition the model was reinforced by the E (vicarious reinforcement), in the second condition the model was not reinforced. Two control conditions, one with the model present, the other with the model absent were also included. The results of two separate 2 × 4 × 2 repeated measures, hierarchical analyses of variance on the subject distance from modeled intimacy, and the number of moderate items selected on pre- and posttests, indicated that both modeling conditions were successful in producing moderation of self-disclosure.     

College Mothers' Academic Achievement Goals as Related to their Children's Attitudes Toward Learning

The present study considers the relationship between college mothers' academic achievement goals (both learning and performance) and the mothers' attitudes toward their children's schoolwork as well as the relationship between each of these sets of characteristics in mothers and their elementary-school-age children's attitudes about learning. Results indicate that a mother's adoption of learning goals in her college education is positively related to the endorsement of a process/indirect focus with respect to assisting and evaluating her child on academic tasks and is associated with more personal satisfaction with providing homework assistance and greater optimism concerning the benefits of such assistance. Results also suggest that college mothers with more of a learning goal orientation and/or more of a process/indirect focus have children who display a similar concern with learning and a positive attitude about homework. Mothers who adopted more of a person/product focus with respect to their child's schoolwork had children who were less likely to interpret homework and other school tasks as opportunities to learn.     

An Examination of the Variables Related to Minority Youth Employment

This study involves an examination of the postprogram experiences of youth in the National Urban League Youth Career Development Project. It seeks to identify those factors responsible for helping some participants secure and maintain employment. Likewise, it attempts to determine impediments for participants who either never found employment or found employment but were unable to retain their jobs.     

Social Background Variables Related to Career Commitment of Women Teachers

Women professionals in teaching who had had substantially different experience in terms of certain social background variables were compared on the criterion of their commitment to a professional career. The results indicated that certain social background factors resulted in women teachers being significantly different on the criterion of career commitment. Mother's work orientation, social class background, source of financial support in college, and current marital status were all significantly discriminating background factors. Type of college attended was not a significantly discriminating factor.     

幼儿书目清单的编制及其与口头词汇的关系

本研究根据中国家庭文化背景编制一个测量中国家庭亲子阅读量的问卷——幼儿书目清单,并比较书目清单和传统的父母自陈报告家庭亲子阅读频率这两种方法在预测幼儿口头词汇的效果上是否存在差异.研究发现幼儿书目清单有较好的信、效度.进一步的回归分析发现在控制了儿童的智商、父母的学历后亲子阅读量确实能显著预测幼儿的口语能力,并且书目清单的预测效果优于父母自陈报告的亲子阅读频率.     

儿童对三种权威的行为倾向研究

社会化是一种连续的、经历着许多阶段和变化的复杂过程。作为一种过程．它主要是存在于自我和他人之间的相互作用关系之中。个体要顺利地实现社会化,就需要对自身周围环境中存在着的自我与他人之间的关系有一种认知,这主要包括了与同辈之间的友谊关系和与长辈之间的权威关系。儿童对友谊关系的认知已经得到了不同程度的研究,但儿童     

Perpetuating Stereotypes: A Study of Gender,Family, and Religious Life in Jewish Children's Books

This paper examines award‐winning Jewish children's literature as a medium to explore how religiosity gets constructed differently for men and women. We analyze three decades of winners of the Sydney Taylor Jewish Book Award, a prestigious annual award given by the Association of Jewish Libraries to an outstanding Jewish children's book. We demonstrate how these award‐winning books produce and perpetuate gendered religious stereotypes that associate men with agency and women with communion. We also show how these books construct images of a “domestic Judaism” for women and a “public Judaism” for men and how women have been symbolically annihilated from the titles and central character roles in these books. Drawing on Cecilia Ridgeway's ( 2011 ) gender‐framing perspective, we argue that the gender stereotypes evident in these books matter to society because they produce and enforce gender inequalities in religiousness.     

Certain Factors Related to Liberal and Conservative Attitudes of College Students: Parental Membership in Certain Organizations

Summary

Demand cues (experiment title) and evaluation apprehension (a “personality” test) were manipulated in the context of a typical attitude change experiment. A significant effect for demand cues and an interaction between demand cues and evaluation apprehension were found. These results were interpreted as illustrating the basic flaw in the laboratory attitude change experiment; demand characteristics are confounded with the actual impact of the persuasive communication. Also, the concept of cooperation is downgraded as a variable in explaining demand characteristics effects in favor of the concept of evaluation apprehension. When subjects report cooperation on a postexperimental rating scale, they may be basing their report upon what they actually did in the experiment.     

小学低年级儿童汉语语素意识、口语词汇知识对阅读能力的影响:一项追踪研究

以149名小学一年级儿童为被试，进行为期三年的追踪，采用交叉滞后的分析方法考察了儿童汉语语素意识、口语词汇知识与阅读能力的关系。结果发现：（1）儿童汉语语素意识、口语词汇知识、阅读准确性和阅读流畅性在小学1~3年级间有显著增长；（2）控制一般认知能力、语音意识、快速命名后，口语词汇知识在儿童早期的语素意识与后期的阅读能力之间起跨时间点的中介作用。结果表明，儿童早期的语素意识水平能够提高词汇知识获得的效率，进而促进阅读能力的发展。     

A Study of Direct Suggestibility and Social Introversion as Related to Auditory Threshold and to Reaction-Time During Reverie

Abstract

Cattell, R. B. Personality: A Systematic Theoretical and Factual Study. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950. Pp. 689. Reviewed by Sister Mary Amatora, O.S.F.     

Alternatives to Difference Scores as Dependent Variables in the Study of Congruence in Organizational Research

In organizational research, difference scores and profile similarity indices are often used as dependent variables in studies predicting the congruence (i.e., fit, match, similarity, agreement) between two constructs. Unfortunately, this practice introduces serious conceptual and methodological problems that render results ambiguous and potentially misleading. This article proposes an alternative procedure that avoids these problems but fully captures the effects of one or more independent variables on the congruence between two dependent variables. This procedure is illustrated by reanalyzing data from a study of feedback seeking and rating accuracy (Ashford & Tsui, 1991), and the results of this study are reinterpreted in light of these analyses. Limitations and areas for further development of the procedure are discussed.     

儿童问题行为及其相关父母教养因素研究综述

儿童的问题行为是儿童发展过程中的一种常见现象,主要表现在攻击反抗、违纪越轨、焦虑抑郁、孤僻退缩以及各种身体不适等方面。儿童期的某些问题行为,尤其是典型的外显问题行为和内隐问题行为,在很大程度上可以预测青少年期与成人期的种种问题。     

Longitudinal Effects of Television on Children's Leisure-Time Reading A Test of Three Explanatory Models

Using a sample of 1,050 Dutch elementary schoolchildren who were in Grades 2 and 4 at the outset of the research, this study investigated (a) the longitudinal effects of television viewing on the frequency with which children read books and comic books at home, and (b) the causal mechanisms that underlie television's effects on leisure-time reading. The children were surveyed three times, at 1-year intervals. Structural equations analysis suggested that television viewing reduced children's comic book reading only in the period from Year 2 to Year 3. Book reading, however, was found to be reduced by television viewing over both measurement periods. The data suggest that two causal mechanisms underlie television's reductive effect on children's book reading: (a) a television-induced deterioration of attitudes toward book reading, and (b) a television-induced deterioration of children's ability to concentrate on reading.     

儿童对待欺负问题态度的研究

欺负(bullying)是一种特殊类型的攻击行为。它与一般的攻击性行为的区别在于行为双方力量的非均衡性．即欺负是力量相对较强的一方对力量相对弱小或处于劣势的一方进行的攻击。欺负通常还具有重复发生的特点．欺负者会在较长的一段时间内重复对某个或某些个体实施欺负。欺负对行为双方．尤其是受欺负者的身心健康和人格发展有着多方面的消极影响。学校欺负在各种文化中都具有很高的发生率。     

Turkish Children's Expression of Negative Emotions: Intracultural Variations Related to Socioeconomic Status

The goal of the present study was to examine intracultural variations in Turkish children's emotion expression in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics, alone and in combination with child gender and their interaction partners. Children's expectations about outcomes from expressing and their reasons for hiding their felt emotion in situations that involved unfairness, disappointment, public failure and a mishap were also delineated. A total of 123 school‐aged Turkish children responded to hypothetical vignettes. Boys and girls from middle‐high SES families were equally likely to endorse shame expression. However, lower SES boys were more likely to endorse hiding shame than lower SES girls. Middle‐high SES children showed a tendency for expressing anger and sadness more than lower SES children. Turkish children primarily expected interpersonal support from emotion expression. Upon anger, disappointment and sadness expression, Turkish children expected instrumental support more from their parents than their peers. The intracultural differences are discussed in light of sociodemographic changes accompanied by cultural value shifts that differentially impact socialization goals and practices of families with different SES. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gaining knowledge via other minds: Children's flexible trust in others as sources of information

In five experiments, we examined 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds’ understanding that they could gain knowledge indirectly from someone who had seen something they had not. Consistent with previous research, children judged that an informant, who had seen inside a box, knew its contents. Similarly, when an informant marked a picture to indicate her suggestion as to the content of the box, 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds trusted this more frequently when the informant had seen inside the box than when she had not. Going beyond previous research, 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds were also sensitive to informants’ relevant experience when they had to look over a barrier to see the marked picture, or ask for the barrier to be raised. Yet when children had to elicit the informant's suggestion, rather than just consult a suggestion already present, even 4‐ to 5‐year‐olds were no more likely to do so when the informant had seen the box's content than when she had not, and no more likely to trust the well‐informed suggestion than the uninformed one. We conclude that young children who can ask questions may not yet fully understand the process by which they can gain accurate information from someone who has the experience they lack.