Die Verleugnung der Realit?t

Denial is of great importance for the ego functions and for the constitution of the entire ego but little of this is reflected in case reports and theoretical treatises. The reason for this probably lies in the circumstance that two further problems play a role in the issue of denial: that of reality and that of truth. According to the theory of correspondence, truth is the equivalent of reality. According to this theory, subject and object are opposed. The repudiation of the theory of correspondence has led to blindness and deafness for many things. The modern concept of truth, according to which truth is constructed intersubjectively, destroys the opposition of subject and object. The destruction is an act of denial. Although the theory of correspondence may be outmoded, it could nevertheless retain its former appreciation. ??If we stopped reading canonical philosophy books??, wrote Richard Rorty, ??we would be less aware of the forces that make us think and talk as we do?? (citation from Habermas 2008, S.?34).     

Die Komplementarität in der Sowjetphilosophie

Ohne ZusammenfassungGekürzte Fassung eines Vortrages an der Universität Bonn am 19.XI.1963.     

Die Destruktivität in der psychoanalytischen Ausbildung

In this study, a survey of all criticism of psychoanalytic training and of the from its beginnings formulated problems is given. Doing so, the presented literature covering the issue is discussed from four perspectives: the candidate’s perspective, the socio-political perspective, the perspective of power and the perspective of professionalization. The latter perspective involves historical aspects too and thus shows the resistance towards change, proposes solutions and therefore may be deemed to be especially relevant. In order to summarize the criticism regarding psychoanalytic training, a systemic model was developed including its systemic structure, organizational aspects and its content. Furthermore, ten hypotheses are developed as to why psychoanalytic training proves to be to a large extent resistant to change. Against the background of the existing situation in training, current job-political conditions and changes for present trainees are presented and existing exacerbations are pointed out. Ignoring these aggravated conditions and simultaneously tightening and regimenting training guidelines are understood as a destructive process for psychoanalysis and its training by the author. At the same time it is pointed out that the presented problems are not related to one single psychoanalytic society, but have been developed over decades throughout different psychoanalytic societies and countries and therefore seems to be an international problem of psychoanalytic organizations. Finally, preexisting propositions for changes are discussed, and fourteen solutions, which could help to renew future psychoanalytic training, are shown; this may also serve as a plea for a basic reform in training and organization. Regarding a reform of the training, the author deems all three issues to be relevant: the systemic-structural aspect, the content and the organizational aspect.     

Die Perestrojka in der Sowjetischen Philosophie: Mythos oder Realität?

Ohne ZusammenfassungDiese Arbeit wurde im Rahmen eines Stipendiums der A. v. Humboldt-Stiftung (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) erstellt.     

Die deduktiv-nomologische Erkl?rung als hauptmotiv empirisch-wissenschaftlicher t?tigkeit

In this paper an attempt is made at developing the notion of a real and complete empirical explanation as excluding all forms of potential or incomplete explanations. This explanation is, however, no longer conceived as the proper aim of empirical science, for it can certainly be gleaned from recent epistemological publications that no comprehensive notion of a real and complete scientific explanation is likely to be constructed from within empirical science. Contrary to common understanding the empirical explanation, deductive-nomological as well as statistical explanation, is considered here only as motive of scientific activities, i.e., as common aim of a transcending cooperation of scientific and non-scientific social practice. Following from this the proper aim of empirical science now consists in the development of practically relevant explanatory theories.This redetermination of the aim of scientific activities of empirical science also means criticism of the unification of deductive-nomological and statistical explanations, as it has been proposed by Wolfgang Stegmüller in his pragmatisch-epistemische Wende. For both forms of empirical explanation must be referred to fundamentally different kinds of practical relevance, the former playing a more important role in the advancement of social practice. Stegmüller's development of a comprehensive probabilistic notion of empirical explanation, as tied up to pragmatic knowledge-situations, in a way already transcends a scientifically immanent determination of it, but he seems to have stopped halfway on the road to practically relevant empirical explanations. Several insufficiencies with his probabilistic notion of empirical explanation are shown up in this paper as a consequence of his abiding by pragmatic, and not penetrating to practical, knowledge-situations. The final result of it, however, consists in a clarification and a modification of the concept of deductive-nomological explanation, originally developed by Hempel and Oppenheim.     

Sexualit?t in Zeiten des Internet

The Internet shows several more or less specific characteristics, in particular accessibility, anonymity, affordability, worldwide connectivity and interactivity. These characteristics hold chances as well as risks for the development of sexuality and sexual relationships. Rarely stressed and investigated are the possible positive effects, such as easier sexual contacts especially for individuals with social deficits, for sexual minorities (e.g. gay, lesbian, transgender, sadomasochists or fetishists), reducing sexual prejudices and stereotypes, better partner matching and easy access to reliable information and counseling platforms about sexual issues. The psychotherapist more often encounters the problematic effects of Internet pornography and cybersex, such as avoiding real life (offline) sexual and non-sexual social contacts, the stress on relationships (e.g. through cyber infidelity), intensifying fantasies and impulses that are harmful to oneself or others up to criminal behavior (e.g. use and circulation of child pornography). Describing a case history this review discusses the role of the Internet in the development of sexual addictive or compulsive symptomatology, including treatment options. Only a differentiated analysis of the chances and risks can counterbalance the increasing tendencies to demonize and pathologize the use of the Internet for sexual purposes.     

Die Effektivität der Hypnose

From 193 studies published until 1998 that investigated the efficacy of hypnosis 43 randomized clinical studies were selected that compared a patient group treated exclusively by hypnosis with an untreated control group (or with a group of patients treated by conventional medical procedures). The 43 studies were integrated into a meta-analysis that yielded a weighted average post-treatment effect size of d=.60 (medium effect size) for hypnotic treatment of ICD-10 coded disorders (24 studies; average treatment period: 5.1 weeks) and d=.38 (small effect) for hypnosis as an adjunct for supporting medical procedures (19 studies). These estimates are conservative since all variables of a given study were used. Most of the studies employed methods of the classical approach to hypnosis. In order to obtain an estimate to which extent non-clinical factors (design-quality, way of comparison of dependent variables) have an influence on the effect sizes, effect sizes were computed for all studies of the original 193 studies that reported the necessary statistical information (N=89). For those studies with an average effect size of d=.80 a massive influence of non-clinical factors was demonstrated with a range from d=.51 for randomized studies with group comparisons to d=2.0 for non-randomized studies using pre-post-comparisons.     

Die heutigen Gegens?tze in der Grundlegung der Mathematik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Intersubjektivit?t und psychoanalytische Identit?t

The psychoanalytic identity is the result of identification with a psychoanalytic introject. It protects against the fears to which everyone who is attempting to illuminate the unconscious is exposed. In this paper the substantive issues of identity are discussed as a psychoanalyst who is a support for the work by providing concepts for the understanding of the unconscious. Using the example of the intersubjective wend in psychoanalysis it will be examined how these contents have changed under the influence of intersubjectivity. The notion that psychological development also occurs in psychoanalysis in unmistakable interpersonal contexts implies removing the restraints imposed by commitment to the technical rules and normative expectations. The intersubjective view of psychoanalysis therefore demands from the psychoanalyst an identity which is fundamentally different from that of the classical psychoanalyst. Processing the associated fears places the psychoanalytic identity at a more mature stage.     

Erfolg,Ausdauer und Aktivität beim Säugling und Kleinkind

Psychological Research -     

Die Validit?t dynamisch-ver?nderbarer Risikofaktoren bei der Vorhersage einschl?giger R��ckf?lle p?dosexueller Straft?ter

The present study examines the predictive validity of dynamic risk factors for the prediction of sexual recidivism in a sample of pedosexual offenders (N?=?135) released from the Austrian prison system between 2002 and 2005. Static-99 was used to rate static risk factors and in order to measure dynamic risk factors Stable-2000 and Stable-2007 were applied. In addition to the demonstration of results about the interrater reliability the results about the predictive and incremental validity of the dynamic risk assessment are presented. After a mean follow-up period of 5½ years Static-99, Stable-2000 and Stable-2007 showed excellent interrater reliability and good predictive validity for the prediction of sexual recidivism. Furthermore, Stable-2007 showed better predictive accuracy than its predecessor and added incremental predictive validity beyond Static-99.     

What Right to Die?

This letter first discusses two meanings of a "right to die." In the popular sense, the term refers to a right to refuse life-sustaining treatment. In the strict sense, the term signifies an affirmative right to obtain death--a right to suicide. The letter then explores the legal implications of a suicide right. This right would extend to competent adults, mature minors, and probably also incompetent persons. Counselors would have to inform clients of the suicide option. Intervention to prevent suicide could trigger civil liability. Suicidal intentions would not justify involuntary commitment. Consent would become a defense to homicide.     

Comment accède-t-on à un mot en production verbale écrite ?

The general issue addressed in the paper concerns the access to orthographic representations in written naming in adults. The processing levels engaged in written naming are briefly described. Then, we address the issue of the role of phonological codes in accessing orthographic representations. The problem is to determine whether or not phonological codes are obligatorily involved in the access to orthographic codes. We briefly provide evidence from brain-damaged patients and from normals, which suggests that phonology plays a constraining role in accessing orthographic codes. The question of the determinants of the speed of access to orthographic representations is presented and, more precisely, the influence of age of acquisition and objective word frequency. Concerning the influence of age of acquisition, we address two issues: (1) the control for cumulative frequency and the status of classical age of acquisition measures; (2) the locus/i of age of acquisition and word frequency effects.     

Destruktivität in Paarbeziehungen

Quarreling couples caught in destructive patterns of communication often cause difficult situations during couple therapy. Such communication patterns range from pure verbal humiliation and insults up to outbursts of violence. In order to remain capable of therapy, psychotherapists must know the underlying mechanisms that provoke and maintain the destructive viscious circles. Moreover, they must have at their disposal the required explanatory ideas and practical intervention strategies for de-escalation and interruption of these destructive patterns.     

Psychotherapie erh?hter Aggressivit?t

Results of a therapeutic use study on processes and outcomes of individual psychotherapy of patients with dominant symptoms of aggressive and antisocial behaviour are presented. General and differential psychotherapies were implemented by experienced psychotherapists in an unselected sample of 30 males with conduct disorders, specific adjustment disorders, impulse disorders and antisocial personality disorders. Diagnoses and evaluations were made with reference to ICD-10, patient histories and psychometric instruments. Post-treatment follow-up was implemented 5 years after treatment termination. The results point at (1) the limited value of psychometric instruments for diagnosis and evaluation, (2) the value of systematic variation in psychotherapeutic processes including frequencies of sessions and alternation of therapists and (3) positive psychotherapeutic outcome referring to subjective as well as objective outcome criteria. Suggestions for the treatment of strong aggressiveness in psychotherapeutic practice are given.     

Kausalit?t und Wahrscheinlichkeit

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Mehr als Intersubjektivit?t

Erich Fromm (1900?C1980) was one of the forerunners of the intersubjective tradition in psychoanalysis. Trained at the Berlin Institute and emigrated to the US he started in the 1930s to reformulate psychoanalytic theory by focusing on man??s need to be related on reality, on others and on himself and herself. Similar to Sullivan, Fromm looked at man primarily as a social being but in contrast to Sullivan, Fromm much more stressed man??s being molded by societal requirements and by an intersubjectivity that is determined by strivings originating in his social character structure. The impact the respective social character orientation has on the patient??s being related to others and to himself and herself is to be recognized in the analysis of the therapeutic processes between analyst and analysand. In principle sociality plays a much bigger role for changing intrapsychic processes. Because of Fromm??s ??societal?? orientation his approach to psychoanalysis is still of relevance to understand how the intersubjective and intrapsychic is interwoven in each individual. Beyond that his approach enables insights into what is going on psychically in society and how these changes are influential to the individual??s welfare or suffering.