纪念恩斯特·布洛赫逝世30周年（专栏）

恩斯特·布洛赫（Ernst Bloch,1885—1977）,第二次世界大战后德国最重要的马克思主义哲学家和对马克思主义传统做出创新的人物。马丁·瓦尔泽称布洛赫为“一位马克思主义的预言家”,于尔根·哈贝马斯称布洛赫为“一位马克思主义的谢林”,阿尔弗雷德·施密特称布洛赫为“最后一位马克思主义形而上学家”,瓦尔特·延斯称布洛赫为“最后一位伟大的综合性人物”等等。[第一段]     

乌托邦精神与现实的人道主义——布洛赫道德哲学的历程及其启示

恩斯特·布洛赫是20世纪以来德国最富盛名的马克思主义者之一。在他看来，马克思主义是一种希望的哲学、一种具有乌托邦主义色彩的现实的人道主义，只有遵循马克思主义的革命批判精神，在实践中改变这个非正义的世界，才是未来乌托邦得以实现的现实路径。无论是马克思主义对宗教“弥赛亚”的变革及其对现实的否定性批判，还是通过劳动和实践来从事乌托邦式的人道主义的现实化，抑或是在追溯天赋人权时对尊严、道德和自然法的人道主义阐明，无一不彰显了布洛赫作为一名马克思主义者所持有的以人为本的道德哲学，以及他对现实的人道主义的坚定信念。这种信念打破了传统马克思主义者在伦理价值问题上的固有论述方式，在坚持唯物史观的同时，将人道主义理想视为超越现实意识形态的道德形式，并将之置于希望的乌托邦之中，保留了马克思主义的道德观念对人类社会发展的现实导引作用。     

基督教文化与马克思主义的哲学对话--克莱尔的《基督教和马克思主义》评介

基督教和马克思主义的关系问题,一直是西方哲学探索的一个重要课题,许多左派学者试图开创两者的对话渠道,并做过许多有价值的理论探索.英国学者克莱尔(Andrew Collier)继承了这一理论传统,在其新著<基督教和马克思主义>[1]中,从基督教的马克思主义立场出发,对这一问题做出了开创性的探索.他详细论证了基督教和马克思主义展开对话的可能性和必要性,以及对话的理论基础和现实意义,并全面阐述了二者联合的目的和基本任务以及要注意的问题.克莱尔的理论观点应当引起我们的注意.     

创新与马克思主义的中国化

马克思主义中国化就是用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法对中国革命和社会主义建设问题做出新的理论概括和说明 ,以适用于指导中国革命和社会主义建设实践 ,马克思主义中国化的过程就是一个创新的过程。“创新”是马克思主义中国化的本质要求和必由之路。毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民三代领导核心 ,在把马克思主义与中国革命和社会主义建设实践相结合的过程中 ,始终坚持了创新精神 ,从而创造出了中国的马克思主义。在实现中华民族复兴的进程中 ,我们必须坚持和发扬创新精神     

日本哲学家永田广志对马克思主义哲学的研究

日本哲学家广田永志在马克思主义哲学的研究方面做出了重要贡献,一方面他对马克思主义哲学的基本理论和基本观点作了全面而深刻的论述,捍卫了马克思主义;另一方面,他运用马克思主义哲学理论来研究日本的思想史,把马克思主义的方法在现实中予以运动,取得了一系列科学的认识成果。     

以马克思主义哲学中国化范式开展哲学研究的理论自觉——读汪信砚教授《马克思主义哲学中国化:传统与创新》

正近年来,有关中国哲学传统与创新的讨论十分热烈,取得了许多重要的学术成果。但是,如何在新时代传承中国哲学传统和推进中国马克思主义哲学的理论创新,仍是当前理论界所需要面对和回答的重大问题。著名的马克思主义学者、长江学者、武汉大学哲学学院汪信砚教授,从马克思主义哲学中国化的视角,对中国哲学传统与中国马克思主义哲学创新问题进行了全新的理解与阐释,做出了一系列新的判断、新的论述和新的认识,实现了学术范式的变革与创新,充分彰显了马克思主义哲学发现问题、     

任继愈先生追思座谈会在社科院宗教所举行

7月17日,任继愈先生遗体告别仪式在北京八宝山举行,当日下午,中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所举行追思座谈会.宗教所所长卓新平研究员主持会议,中国社会科学院常务副院长王伟光出席并首先发言.他从四个方面高度概括了任继愈先生的一生.他说,任继愈先生是我国著名的哲学家、史学家,他在用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法指导中国哲学研究方面,作出了卓越贡献;其二,先生奠定和创立了中国马克思主义宗教学,是著名的宗教学家;其三,对中国图书馆事业做出了突出贡献,是著名的图书馆学专家;其四,他是中国最著名、最受拥戴的哲学社会科学教育家.他勉励宗教所要按照任     

一个马克思主义者无权成为悲观主义者——与J．-M．帕尔米尔的谈话

本文追溯了布洛赫从求学到流亡,从东德到西德的生活经历,描述了他与卢卡奇、海德格尔、马尔库塞、萨特等同时代人的关系。第一次世界大战期间,布洛赫是一个和平主义者,他的哲学思想深受表现主义的影响。1938年布洛赫流亡美国,1949年回到东德。1956年以后,布洛赫受到东德当局的批判,被指控为“偏离分子和修正主义者”。1961年布洛赫移居西德。布洛赫承认深受黑格尔哲学和宗教的影响,但他强调自己是完全站在马克思立场上的马克思主义哲学家。在他看来,乌托邦理论在马克思那里就已经出现,而他只是从马克思主义立场出发,发展了马克思的乌托邦概念而已。乌托邦不仅是哲学-艺术范畴,也是我们时代的政治范畴。乌托邦并不意味着逃避现实,而是意味着探索现实事物的客观可能性,并为其实现而奋斗。具体的乌托邦导向一种更美好的未来、一个人道的世界。一个马克思主义者无权成为悲观主义者。     

纪念恩斯特·布洛赫逝世30周年(专栏) 主持人的话

恩斯特·布洛赫(Ernst Bloch,1885—1977),第二次世界大战后德国最重要的马克思主义哲学家和对马克思主义传统做出创新的人物。马丁·瓦尔泽称布洛赫为“一位马克思主义的预言家”,于尔根·哈贝马斯称布洛赫为“一位马克思主义的谢林”,阿尔弗雷德·施密特称布洛赫为“最后一位马克思主义形而上学家”,瓦尔特·延斯称布洛赫为“最后一位伟大的综合性人物”等等。布洛赫的独特魅力在于,他既是一位马克思主义者,又是一位20世纪最重要的哲学家之一。布洛赫一生都在写作,晚年92岁高龄的他仍在坚持工作,直到1977年全集问世。他的著作先后被译成…     

马克思主义创新思想发展的历史阶段性和时代特征

20世纪90年代以来,马克思主义的理论创新和当代意义问题一直是马克思主义哲学研究界和马克思主义理论界关注的重要问题之一。在如何实现马克思主义的理论创新和如何获得马克思主义理论的当代意义问题上,学者们进行了大量的研究和探索,获得了一些十分重要的共识,比如,几乎所有的学者都认为,马克思主义哲学、马克思主义理论要永葆青春,就必须实现理论创新。但是在如何实现这种创新的问题上,学者们则提出了各种各样的观点,大致说来有以下几类:有的认为马克思主义的创新要和传统文化相结合,有的主张马克思主义的创新要和西方哲学尤其是西方现代…     

Existentialism And The Environment

This article examines the possible contributions the existentialist tradition might make to environmentalism. I note, first, that Martin Heidegger is a questionable ally, both because his relationship to technology is ambiguous, while his affiliations with the Nazis were not. But the larger existentialist tradition is valuable for the environmental movement because it opens up a field of possibilities for human creativity. Sartre serves as exemplary for the way he struggled with the dialectic between individual autonomy in his early philosophy of freedom, and the needs of the collective as he confronted them in his later turn toward Marxism. But the demands of the collective are more reasonably confronted in the larger legacy of Hegel than in the more limited form they took in Sartre's Marxism. The article concludes that Sartre's struggles can be enlightening to those of us who now seek the joyful wisdom of existential freedom for the individual even as we confront the demands that environmental degradation will place on the collective.     

西方心理学的马克思主义研究取向评述

当今国外心理学研究的各流派中涌现出了马克思主义新取向。这显示了马克思主义思想要素的影响力及其对心理学科发展的积极贡献,体现出马克思主义新的生命活力和科学创新精神。但同时,心理学的马克思主义取向研究也遇到了巨大的阻抗力量,马克思主义也面临着严峻的考验。当前,如何认识心理学研究中马克思主义的理论资源,在辩证唯物主义精神的指引下推动心理学的研究,是中国心理学界需要进一步研究和解决的重大问题之一。     

The Second Essential Tension: on Tradition and Innovation in Interdisciplinary Research

In his analysis of “the essential tension between tradition and innovation” Thomas S. Kuhn focused on the apparent paradox that, on the one hand, normal research is a highly convergent activity based upon a settled consensus, but, on the other hand, the ultimate effect of this tradition-bound work has invariably been to change the tradition. Kuhn argued that, on the one hand, without the possibility of divergent thought, fundamental innovation would be precluded. On the other hand, without a strong emphasis on convergent thought, science would become a mess created by continuous theory changes and scientific progress would again be precluded. On Kuhn’s view, both convergent and divergent thought are therefore equally necessary for the progress of science. In this paper, I shall argue that a similar fundamental tension exists between the demands we see for novel insights of an interdisciplinary nature and the need for established intellectual doctrines founded in the classical disciplines. First, I shall revisit Kuhn’s analysis of the essential tension between tradition and innovation. Next, I shall argue that the tension inherent in interdisciplinary research between, on the one hand, intellectual independence and critical scrutiny and, on the other hand, epistemic dependence and trust is a complement to Kuhn’s essential tension within mono-disciplinary science between convergent and divergent thought.     

Leon Trotsky’s Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History

Trotsky’s contribution to historical materialism has been subject to two broadly defined critical assessments. Detractors have tended to dismiss his interpretation of Marxism as a form of productive force determinism, while admirers have tended to defend his Marxism as a voluntarist negation of the same. In this essay I argue that both of these opinions share an equally caricatured interpretation of Second International Marxism against which Trotsky is compared. By contrast, I argue that Trotsky’s Marxism can best be understood as a powerful application and deepening of the strongest elements of Second International methodology to a novel set of problems. Thus, against Trotsky’s admirers, I locate his Marxism as both emerging out of, in addition to breaking with, Second International Marxism; while, against his critics, I argue that it was precisely the strengths of this earlier interpretation of Marxism that informed Trotsky’s powerful contributions to historical materialism: his concept of combined and uneven development and his discussion of the role of individual agents within the Marxist interpretation of history.     

AN INTELLECTUALLY HONEST THEOLOGY

A hallmark of Arthur Peacocke's work is his aim of writing theology that is intellectually honest. He believed that intelligibility and meaning are foremost on theology's agenda. Consequently, he focused on ultimate meanings, but he did so by taking into account the scientific knowledge of the world. He faced head‐on the challenge to accept the Christian tradition, at the same time subjecting that tradition to critique and reforming its images and modes of thinking. I survey Peacocke's agenda, his methodology, and the sources of his theological thinking, and how this contributes to understanding the relationship between science and theology. A major result of his approach is the abolition of dualisms, specifically that of the natural and the supernatural. Peacocke's approach to theology has exemplary potential for the debate between those who espouse a radical Enlightenment with its claim to universal principles of reason and radical postmodernists who may appear to fall prey to a relativism that equals nihilism.     

The Internal Logic of Holy Saturday in the Theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar

Abstract:  While consensus reigns that Balthasar's theology of Christ's descent into hell on Holy Saturday constitutes both the center of his theology and his most significant innovation on the tradition, the question remains open whether that innovation marks a true development on this theologoumenon or a radical departure from it. This article argues for the former alternative by drawing on all those elements in the history of theology, both Catholic and Protestant, that point to an increasing – indeed inevitable – radicalization of this doctrine. Then, using the norms set forth by Cardinal Newman's Essay on Development , it shows how Balthasar's 'innovations' meet Newman's criteria for authentic development.     

Marxism and radical democracy 1

Whether or not Marxism leads straight to authoritarianism and the destruction of individual liberty is a question which has long exercised both theorists and politicians. This paper deals with a narrower, though related issue: Is Marxism actually reconcilable with radical democracy, the type of democracy advocated by those, including Marxists, who berate the iniquities and hypocrisy of parliamentary liberalism? The answer, according to my paper, is no. The Marxist tradition contains four characteristic features which tend to contradict the participatory procedures most Marxists profess to desire. These features are: (1) the view of Marxism as a science, yielding objective solutions to social and political dilemmas; (2) the messianic aspiration for a society of perfect unity; (3) the belief that human rights are not independent moral norms but so much bourgeois ’ideological nonsense’ (Marx), expressing the antagonistic relationships of the capitalist regime; and (4) hostility to the market mechanism, which results in a preference for a totally planned economy. Marxism, unless revised beyond recognition, would seem, paradoxically, to be more congruous with the élitist, constricted type of democracy we have in the West than with the more egalitarian mode of decision‐making defended in the writings of Marx himself.     

马融易学探微

马融治《易》用古本,上承费直,使费氏之学得有传承;又下启郑玄易学,使费氏之学得以发扬光大。他以"十翼"解《易经》,同时还以"十翼"互证易理。马融承费直之学,重视以儒理解《易》,这种倾向首先体现在他重视以礼解《易》。其以儒理解《易》的另一个表现是引史注《易》。其在解《易》时十分重视象数学中的卦气说,此外还重视取象和五行说。马融解《易》皆由象数为切入点,而最终归本于人事。马融易学在汉晋易学嬗变中有着承上启下的意义。     

西方马克思主义宗教论说的六个问题领域

宗教在当代社会的"私人化",使基督教不仅作为一种信仰传统、也作为一种文化叙事引起诸多学科的关注,进而在基督教与马克思主义的关系方面形成了新的论说模式。马克思主义与基督教神学是否存在着可能交合的问题领域?这应该对中国目前的宗教学研究具有重要的借鉴价值。本文作者就此归纳为六个方面,并提出相关讨论。     

‘Why not Lukács?’ or: on Non-Bourgeois Bourgeois Being

The Lukács Circle in Szeged, a spontaneous, unofficial organization of young Hungarian scholars and philosophy teachers, characteristically represented Georg Lukács' influence on young Hungarian intelligentsia in the period of late socialism. In this paper, the author recalls and critically analyses the intellectual milieu and motives that led a considerable part of young Hungarian intelligentsia of that time to make a cult of Lukács' philosophy. The key to the analysis is the ambiguous character of the political feelings and philosophical orientation of many young people in the period of late socialism and the paradoxical non-bourgeois bourgeois character of Lukács' philosophy. Lukács' young followers were dissatisfied with the political conditions of real socialism and with official Marxism. However, they considered themselves Marxists and were convinced by the anti-capitalist, romantic idea of democratic socialism. In the eyes of his young followers, Lukács was a genuine philosopher whose teaching was interwoven by his wide-ranging bourgeois middle-class education, promising both a real philosophical alternative to official Marxism and a high-level philosophical foundation for a non-capitalist but democratic future human history. The author argues that Lukács' philosophy did not satisfy these expectations. In his political philosophy, the philosopher could not move away from the mythological idea concerning the leading role of the communist party and therefore could not elaborate a genuine philosophical foundation for the idea of democratic socialism. Despite the superiority of his philosophy, his methodology and approach to the history of philosophy failed to provide a real philosophical alternative to the Bolshevik tradition of Marxism.