释(平)与(伏)——兼谈"真性诠释"与"假性诠释"

竹书文献解读的基础工作是古文字释读,在此基础上,根据竹书文献的性质而有进一步的文献解读或思想史诠释.由于术业有专攻,相关的学术研究是由对应的学术专家来从事的.     

(How) does positive and negative extended cross‐group contact predict direct cross‐group contact and intergroup attitudes?

Knowing that fellow ingroup members have cross‐group contact can affect how people think, feel, and behave towards an out‐group. Previous research on extended contact focused almost exclusively on positive cross‐group interactions, neglecting the fact that extended contact can also be negative. In this contribution, we introduce negative extended contact and investigate how both forms of extended contact predict direct cross‐group contact and intergroup attitudes. In two cross‐sectional studies (N₁ = 286, N₂ = 237), we found evidence that positive and negative extended contact uniquely predict intergroup attitudes, and that direct cross‐group contact mediates this effect. In Study 2 , we also provide initial evidence that extended contact might either prepare for or impair direct contact by changing ingroup norms and intergroup self‐efficacy, which in turn influence feelings of intergroup anxiety.     

Conservatism and “copy-if-better” in chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>)

Social learning is predicted to evolve in socially living animals provided the learning process is not random but biased by certain socio-ecological factors. One bias of particular interest for the emergence of (cumulative) culture is the tendency to forgo personal behaviour in favour of relatively better variants observed in others, also known as the “copy-if-better” strategy. We investigated whether chimpanzees employ copy-if-better in a simple token-exchange paradigm controlling for individual and random social learning. After being trained on one token-type, subjects were confronted with a conspecific demonstrator who either received the same food reward as the subject (control condition) or a higher value food reward than the subject (test condition) for exchanging another token-type. In general, the chimpanzees persisted in exchanging the token-type they were trained on individually, indicating a form of conservatism consistent with previous studies. However, the chimpanzees were more inclined to copy the demonstrator in the test compared to the control condition, indicating a tendency to employ a copy-if-better strategy. We discuss the validity of our results by considering alternative explanations and relate our findings to the emergence of cumulative culture.     

Where is (im)balance? Necessity and construction of evaluated cut‐off points for effort‐reward imbalance and overcommitment

The use of cut‐off values is common in research on the effort‐reward imbalance (ERI) model. They are often used to identify health risk situations or behaviour at work, although little is known about their diagnostic properties. The aim of the study was to investigate empirically cut‐off points for the effort‐reward ratio and the overcommitment (OC) scale. The study was based on a sample of 302 teachers. According to the International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders‐10 (ICD‐10), 115 subjects suffered from a mood disorder. The control group consisted of 187 matched healthy subjects. Receiver‐operating characteristic analyses were conducted using the ERI ratio and OC as diagnostic variables. A mood disorder served as gold standard reference test. Results demonstrated the ability of the effort‐reward ratio and OC to discriminate between diseased and healthy individuals. However, a comparison of the areas under the curve revealed a significantly higher diagnostic power for the effort‐reward ratio. According to the Youden index, optimal cut‐off points were ERI>0.715 and OC>16. Furthermore, sensitivity and specificity for different cut‐off values are presented. Results point to shortcomings in the ERI literature using established approaches to define cut‐off points. Validating cut‐off values is of particular importance in order to ensure valid results in ERI research.     

Tiger salamanders’ (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ambystoma tigrinum</Emphasis>) response learning and usage of visual cues

We explored tiger salamanders’ (Ambystoma tigrinum) learning to execute a response within a maze as proximal visual cue conditions varied. In Experiment 1, salamanders learned to turn consistently in a T-maze for reinforcement before the maze was rotated. All learned the initial task and executed the trained turn during test, suggesting that they learned to demonstrate the reinforced response during training and continued to perform it during test. In a second experiment utilizing a similar procedure, two visual cues were placed consistently at the maze junction. Salamanders were reinforced for turning towards one cue. Cue placement was reversed during test. All learned the initial task, but executed the trained turn rather than turning towards the visual cue during test, evidencing response learning. In Experiment 3, we investigated whether a compound visual cue could control salamanders’ behaviour when it was the only cue predictive of reinforcement in a cross-maze by varying start position and cue placement. All learned to turn in the direction indicated by the compound visual cue, indicating that visual cues can come to control their behaviour. Following training, testing revealed that salamanders attended to stimuli foreground over background features. Overall, these results suggest that salamanders learn to execute responses over learning to use visual cues but can use visual cues if required. Our success with this paradigm offers the potential in future studies to explore salamanders’ cognition further, as well as to shed light on how features of the tiger salamanders’ life history (e.g. hibernation and metamorphosis) impact cognition.     

Atheism and Dialetheism; or, ‘Why I Am Not a (Paraconsistent) Christian’

In ‘Theism and Dialetheism’, Cotnoir explores the idea that dialetheism (true contradictions) can help with some puzzles about omnipotence in theology. In this note, I delineate another aspect of this project. Dialetheism cannot help with one big puzzle about another classic ‘omni’ property, omnibenevolence—the famous problem of evil. For someone (including a dialetheist) who thinks that the existence of evil is a knock-down argument against traditional theism, it is a knock-down argument against dialetheic theism, too.     

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An affect‐processing and thought disorder?

In the literature on child and adolescent psychoanalysis attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is described as complex syndrome with wide‐ranging psychodynamic features. Broadly speaking, the disorder is divided into three categories: 1. a disorder in early object relations leading to the development of a maniform defence organization in which object‐loss anxieties and depressed affects are not worked through via symbolization but are organized in a body‐near manner; 2. a triangulation disorder in which the cathexis of the paternal position is not stable; structures providing little support alternate with excessive arousal, affect regulation is restricted; 3. current emotional stress or a traumatic experience. I suggest taking a fresh look at ADHD from a psychoanalytic vantage point. With respect to the phenomenology of the disorder, the conflict–dynamic approach should be supplemented by a perspective regarding deficits in α‐function as constitutive for ADHD. These deficits cause affect‐processing and thought disorders compensated for (though not fully) by the symptomatology. At a secondary level, a vicious circle develops through the mutual reinforcement of defective processing of sense data and affects into potential thought content, on the one hand, and secondary, largely narcissistic defence processes on the other. These considerations have major relevance for the improved understanding of ADHD and for psychoanalytic technique.     

Psychological Aspects of Retirement: <Emphasis Type="Italic">About Schmidt</Emphasis> (2002), and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Everybody’s Fine</Emphasis> (2009)

With the films About Schmidt and Everybody's Fine as his main point of reference, the author elucidates the complex and often melancholic sojourn that follows ordinary men's retirement from their jobs. As this usually occurs during late middle age, the complicating variable of spousal loss, departure of children from the family home, a failing body, and social marginalization also get added to the picture. The vicissitudes of the resulting intrapsychic and interpersonal upheaval can lead to depressive withdrawal or a renewed effort at finding meaning in life. Ego resilience is tested and sublimation and creativity, if possible, save the day.     

Patterns of theorizing about chess skill – Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010) and Lane and Gobet (2011)

Although Linhares and Freitas (2010) have failed to characterize earlier experimental work in chess skill accurately, their conceptual approach of “experience-recognition”-driven problem solving points to the need to incorporate analogical reasoning mechanisms into explanations of how chess players choose the best move in chess. The Lane and Gobet (2011) commentary and the cognitive simulation models that they espouse consist of plausible mechanisms to support choosing a good move, but need additional development to incorporate abstract/semantic information. One possible avenue for future exploration will be to produce hybrid models that use both “piece-on-square” chunk and template representations and abstract high-level representations to guide search in chess.     

Personality traits,gender differences and symptoms of anhedonia: What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) measure in nonclinical settings?

In healthy populations men report more depressive symptoms than women when depression is measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). This study aims to investigate the role of neuroticism and extroversion in symptom reporting by men and women and whether anhedonia can explain these reversed gender differences in depression observed when using HADS. HADS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO FFI) were administered twice to a sample of university students. Number of subjects at T1 was 372 and 160 at T2, measured two months apart. Men had a higher average score on depressive symptoms measured by HADS‐D compared to women (p = 0.029). Women scored higher than men on HADS‐A (p = 0.012), neuroticism (p < 0.001) and PANAS‐negative affect (p < 0.029). No significant gender differences were observed in extroversion and positive affect. Test‐retest stabilities on HADS‐A and HADS‐D were high. Neuroticism predicted HADS‐A at Time 2. Gender, extroversion, and neuroticism predicted HADS‐D at Time 2. The anhedonic content in HADS may be a plausible explanation of reversed gender differences in the HADS depression scale. HADS‐D represents a specific anhedonic subtype of depression where symptom reporting reflects dispositional tendencies related specifically to extroversion.     

Construction et validation de l'Échelle de motivation à avoir un enfant (EMAE)

This article presents the results of two studies designed to develop and validate the Motivation to have a Child Scale (MCS). According to self-determination theory (STD; Deci, Ryan, 1985, 1991, 2000), it is proposed that the MCS measures 5 types of motivation: intrinsic motivation, three forms of extrinsic motivation (identification, introjection and external regulation) and amotivation. Results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the five-factor structure of the scale. In addition, results reveal that the MCS subscales display satisfactory internal consistency values. Finally, the construct validity of the MCS is supported by a series of correlational analyses among the five subscales, as well as among these five subscales and some variables relevant to parenthood (e.g.: perceptions of parental autonomy and parental self-efficacy). In sum, the present results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the MCS. A general discussion on the theoretical and methodological contributions of the scale toward motivation and parenthood domains is presented.     

The Development of the Chinese Doctrine of the Nonidentity and Inseparability of the Body and the Soul—The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shenmielun</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">On the Extinction of the Soul</Emphasis>) and Its Origins

Fan Zhen’s 范縝 (450–515) Shenmielun 神滅論 (On the Extinction of the Soul) is a famous Chinese treatise discussing the body-soul problem. This discussion had been advocated by Huan Tan 桓譚 (43 BCE–28 CE) and Wang Chong 王充 (27–100). However, their views did not receive positive attention: at the beginning of the Eastern Han dynasty, their intellectual weight was far from significant enough to spur the court’s interest in the topic. During the time of Fan Zhen, Emperor Wu of Liang (Liang Wudi 梁武帝, 464–549), a keen protector of the thought of dharma, raised the question of the soul and the body to a political level, making it the focus of academic debate. The aim of this article is to give a comprehensive account on the development of the idea of the nonidentity and inseparability of the body and the soul as promulgated by Fan Zhen and his predecessors from the perspective of the history of ideas.     

Does counting to ten increase or decrease aggression? The role of state self‐control (ego‐depletion) and consequences

In this investigation, we experimentally test the interaction of ego‐depletion (low state self‐control), consequences, and decision‐making time on aggressive responses to an insult from a confederate. The results indicate that ego‐depleted participants respond more quickly and aggressively to an insult from a confederate. However, when a 30‐ second decision‐making delay is imposed, ego‐depleted participants reduce their aggression, but only if there are external consequences to being aggressive. In the absence of such consequences, ego‐depleted participants become more aggressive following a delay. Additionally, if a distracting cognitive load disrupts the 30‐ second delay, aggression levels do not change significantly, even if there are consequences. These results suggest people respond to aggressive triggers more impulsively when ego‐depleted.