儿童感知汉语字词概念的结构模型方式

国内近些年来对于汉语字词概念的研究颇多,但对于儿童乃至成人是怎样感知汉语字词的,即人们认知汉语字词经过了怎样一个过程研究甚少.国外曾有人提出,感知字词是通过结构模式进行的.它对于感知汉语字词是否也适用?本研究将对此问题进行讨论.二、研究方法(一)被试选自小学三、五年级和初二年级学生.每年级20名,男女各半.要求被试视力正常.     

4～8年级学生几何类比推理问题解决认知诊断

认知诊断是一种新的测量范式,有助于人们更好地了解人类内部心理活动规律及其加工机制,实现对个体认知强项和弱项的诊断评估,该研究采用HO-DINA对4～8年级学生的几何类比推理能力进行诊断评估。结果表明:1)4～8年级的学生对几何类比推理问题的掌握情况比较良好,其中对属性A1和A4掌握的比较理想,对属性A2掌握的比较差。同时七个认知属性存在年级差异,六年级是学生几何类比推理能力发展的最快时期;2)学生所犯的认知错误主要以"0000000"、"1111011"、"0001000"、"1011111"和"1001110"五种认知错误为主,占总认知错误的44.55%,而这些错误与属性A2和A5有关。     

认知负荷对小学生工作记忆资源分配策略的影响

以不同认知负荷的连环数认知运算为实验材料,以小学三到六年级175名学生为被试,考察了认知负荷对小学生工作记忆资源分配策略的影响。结果表明:认知负荷的难度明显地影响到了小学生工作记忆资源分配策略。在策略的选择方面,认知负荷对于小学生认知操作成绩的影响力在低年龄段时没有达到显著性差异,而小学六年级则差异显著;在策略的正确率方面,认知负荷难度的影响力随年级的升高而相对减少;在策略的解题速度方面,认知负荷的难度也明显地影响到了小学生工作记忆资源分配策略的解题速度。     

六年级儿童的估算水平与策略

借鉴Lemaire与Siegler提出的儿童认知策略的一般概念框架,运用自编的估算题目对210名小学六年级儿童的估算能力进行了初步分析。结果表明;小学六年级儿童具有一定的估算能力,只是所给估算答案明显受到数字类型和运算规则的交互影响;他们会运用多种估算策略,但各种策略的使用频率、执行速度和准确性都存在明显差异。文章还对儿童估算策略的评估做了深入讨论。     

教学对儿童掌握持续时间概念的作用

小学儿童从中年级开始已在算术课中学习过时间、速度、距离等概念,但在完成持续时间的作业时,往往不能把这三者有机地结合起来,而是孤立地抓住一点,结果造成了理解的错误。本文试图探讨有针对性的教学活动能否促进儿童持续时间概念的掌握.被试是小学三、四年级的儿童。一般认为,这个年龄的儿童应已具备接受教学实验的认知基础.结果表明,教学对三年级儿童掌握持续时间概念不起作用,但对四年级儿童则有显著性的作用.     

语境与颜色诊断性对句子理解中物体隐含颜色知觉模拟的影响

具身认知理论的代表知觉符号系统认为知识表征具有知觉特点,并假设语言理解中对于所涉及概念及其隐含属性会即时进行知觉模拟。当前研究采用句图匹配范式,通过三个实验探讨句子理解中是否会对物体隐含颜色属性进行知觉模拟及其具体条件。实验1沿用经典范式验证语言理解中对物体隐含颜色存在知觉模拟过程。实验2通过变化句子前语境考察语境是否支持对于物体隐含颜色知觉模拟的影响。实验3进一步考察当颜色属性与其对应物体存在稳定关联时(即具有高颜色诊断性的物体),在不同语境作用下是否会引起知觉表征的变化。研究结果表明,语言理解中知觉模拟过程是灵活的,语境改变会引起读者所激活的物体颜色知觉表征发生变化,并且对于高颜色诊断物体,即使缺乏支持语境,读者仍然会对句中隐含的物体特定颜色进行知觉模拟。     

不同学段、年级学生对教师评价行为知觉的特点

学生对教师评价行为的知觉指学生对教师指向他们的评价行为的主观感受和体验,包括“明确目标”、“收集信息”、“反馈改进”、“关注过程”、“激励期望”和“沟通理解”等六个维度,前三个方面属于操作要素,后三个方面属于基础要素.本研究采用问卷法,选取小学四年级到初中三年级共746名学生作为研究对象,探讨了不同学段、年级学生对教师评价行为知觉的特点.研究结果表明:除了“激励期望”和“沟通理解”两个维度,小学生在其它维度上对教师评价行为的知觉优于初中生.小学生对教师评价行为的知觉不存在年级差异.初一学生在操作要素方面的知觉优于初二和初三学生,在基础要素方面优于初二学生.初二学生对教师评价行为的知觉出现明显的消极化倾向,在基础要素上初一和初三学生的知觉显现明显的反弹.本文对研究结果的教育意义进行了探讨.     

科学理解的德性知识论意蕴

德性知识论是当代知识论领域的重要进展,"理解"是被德性知识论重新关注的课题。德性知识论主张知识规范性应从法则学和道义论的意义转变为以理智德性为核心的概念。这对于科学理解的研究具有重要意义。基于这一转变,有关科学理解是否需满足事实性条件、是否排除认知运气以及作为能力知识的意义等讨论,都得到了新的深化与拓展,展现出丰富的德性知识论意蕴。     

小学儿童口语词汇知识的发展轨迹及其对阅读能力的预测：一个潜变量增长模型

对149名小学一年级汉语儿童的口语词汇知识进行历时6年8次的追踪测试,采用潜变量增长模型探索了小学儿童口语词汇知识的发展轨迹,并在控制相关变量后,考察了口语词汇知识的起始水平和发展速度对儿童六年级时阅读能力的预测作用。结果发现：(1)小学儿童的口语词汇知识呈持续地非线性增长,其中三年级和五年级是儿童口语词汇知识发展的快速增长时期,儿童之间的个体差异表现出差异稳定的发展模式;(2)控制一般认知能力和相关阅读认知技能后,口语词汇知识的起始水平和发展速度均可显著预测六年级时的阅读准确性、阅读流畅性及阅读理解,且对阅读准确性和阅读理解的预测比对阅读流畅性的预测更强;相对于起始水平,口语词汇知识的发展速度对阅读能力的预测作用更强。     

概念不仅仅是归类

直到最近对概念大量的研究还是在归类方面,但归类仅是概念诸多功能中的一种。文章认为通过归类的学习还不能有效地理解概念,或概念的其他功能。原因是概念具有多重功能,它们交互作用影响概念的结构和加工过程;孤立地研究概念的单个功能可以使人理解某个特定功能的认知过程,但是却阻碍人们发现概念共同的多重功能的认知过程。由此认为概念应该在一系列相互影响的功能背景之下展开研究。     

Do Master Narratives Change Among High School Students? A Characterization of How National History Is Represented

Master narratives frame students’ historical knowledge, possibly hindering access to more historical representations. A detailed analysis of students’ historical narratives about the origins of their own nation is presented in terms of four master narrative characteristics related to the historical subject, national identification, the main theme and the nation concept. The narratives of Argentine 8th and 11th graders were analyzed to establish whether a change toward a more complex historical account occurred. The results show that the past is mostly understood in master narrative terms but in the 11th grade narratives demonstrate a more historical understanding. Only identification appears to be fairly constant across years of history learning. The results suggest that in history education first aiming at a constructivist concept of nation and then using the concept to reflect on the national historical subject and events in the narrative might help produce historical understanding of a national past.     

The Recruitment of Shifting and Inhibition in On‐line Science and Mathematics Tasks

Prior research has investigated the recruitment of inhibition in the use of science/mathematics concepts in tasks that require the rejection of a conflicting, nonscientific initial concept. The present research examines if inhibition is the only EF skill recruited in such tasks and investigates whether shifting is also involved. It also investigates whether inhibition and/or shifting are recruited in tasks in which the use of science/mathematics concepts does not require the rejection of an initial concept, or which require only the use of initial concepts. One hundred and thirty‐three third‐ and fifth‐grade children participated in two inhibition and shifting tasks and two science and mathematics conceptual understanding and conceptual change (CU&C) tasks. All the tasks were on‐line, and performance was measured in accuracy and RTs. The CU&C tasks involved the use of initial concepts and of science/mathematics concepts which required conceptual changes for their initial formation. Only in one of the tasks the use of the science/mathematics concepts required the concurrent rejection of an initial concept. The results confirmed that in this task inhibition was recruited and also showed that the speed of shifting was a significant predictor of performance. Shifting was a significant predictor of performance in all the tasks, regardless of whether they involved science/mathematics or initial concepts. It is argued that shifting is likely to be recruited in complex tasks that require multiple comparisons of stimuli and the entertainment of different perspectives. Inhibition seems to be a more selective cognitive skill likely to be recruited when the use of science/mathematics concepts requires the rejection of a conflicting initial concept.     

初中生函数概念发展的特点

本研究通过测验法对北京市六所中学的８０２名初一至初三的学生进行考察,研究了初中生函数要领的发展水平及其特点,结果表明,初中三个年级学生函数要领的发展,从总体上看,随着看级的增高呈上升的发展趋势,但年级结学生函数概念发展的影响不显著,制约 初中学生函数的概念发展水平的关键是,学生所受教育的质量,学生主要以接受教育的方式来获得函数概念。     

An investigation of the relationship between teachers’ expectations and teachers’ perceptions of student attributes

Little is known about factors other than students’ abilities and background variables that shape teachers’ achievement expectations. This study was aimed at investigating the role of teachers’ perceptions of students attributes (working habits, popularity, self-confidence, student–teacher relationships, and classroom behavior) in shaping teachers’ expectations. The sample analyzed consisted of 5316 students and 469 classes in grade 6 in Dutch primary education. Teachers had higher expectations for students who they perceived as self-confident and having positive work habits. Differences in expectations between boys and girls could partly be explained by the teachers’ perceptions of students’ work habits. Teachers differed in the extent to which they let their perceptions of student attributes shape their expectations.     

Learning about the equal sign: Does comparing with inequality symbols help?

This study investigated whether instruction that involves comparing the equal sign with other relational symbols is more effective at imparting a relational interpretation of the equal sign than instruction about the equal sign alone. Third- and fourth-grade students in a comparing symbols group learned about the greater than, less than, and equal signs and had the opportunity to compare the inequality symbols with the equal sign. Students in an equal sign group learned about the equal sign only. A third group of students served as a control group. Three aspects of students’ knowledge were assessed before and after the lesson: (a) conceptual understanding of the equal sign, (b) equation encoding, and (c) problem solving. Students in the comparing symbols group showed greater gains in conceptual understanding from pretest to posttest than students in the other two groups, and students in the comparing symbols group also scored higher on a posttest that assessed knowledge about inequality symbols and inequality problem solving. Thus, they learned about three symbols in the same amount of time as other students learned about the equal sign alone or not at all. Therefore, an instructional approach involving comparison can be an effective tool for learning about concepts in mathematics.     

Conceptual change in physics: children’s naive representations of sound

The organization of physics knowledge (degree of coherence and nature of conceptual change) was studied in 89 6–10-year-old children using the concept of sound. We attempted to determine whether children apply properties of objects to sound or if they consider sounds as a vibratory process. Three properties of physical objects were studied: substantiality, weight, and permanence. The younger children considered sound more like an object than the older children did. Substantiality was attributed to sound more often than were weight and permanence. Based on the substantiality data, four mental models were identified (sound cannot pass through other objects unless there are holes, sound can pass through solids if it is harder than they are, sound is immaterial, sound is a vibratory process). We concluded that conceptual change in knowledge about sound does not happen through the sudden transfer of the concept from the ontological category of matter to the ontological category of processes, but rather through a slow and gradual process of belief revision, in the course of which the various properties of matter are abandoned in a hierarchical order.     

The Effects on Students’ Conceptual Understanding of Electric Circuits of Introducing Virtual Manipulatives Within a Physical Manipulatives-Oriented Curriculum

This study investigates whether Virtual Manipulatives (VM) within a Physical Manipulatives (PM)-oriented curriculum affect conceptual understanding of electric circuits and related experimentation processes. A pre–post comparison study randomly assigned 194 undergraduates in an introductory physics course to one of five conditions: three experimental conditions with different PM and VM sequences and two control conditions with only PM or VM. Conceptual tests assessed students’ understanding. Instructors’ journals, video data, and interviews provided process-related data. Results showed interplay between manipulative and circuit types. For simple circuits, PM and VM use similarly impacted students’ understanding. However, VM better facilitated understanding than PM for complex circuits: PM users, unlike VM users, encountered process-related problems that prevented development of an appropriate conceptual model because only VM afforded a view of current-flow. When students used VM before PM for complex circuits, they developed the appropriate conceptual model to use in the PM phase.     

What counts as knowing? The development of conceptual and procedural knowledge of counting from kindergarten through Grade 2

The development of conceptual and procedural knowledge about counting was explored for children in kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2 (N = 255). Conceptual knowledge was assessed by asking children to make judgments about three types of counts modeled by an animated frog: standard (correct) left-to-right counts, incorrect counts, and unusual counts. On incorrect counts, the frog violated the word-object correspondence principle. On unusual counts, the frog violated a conventional but inessential feature of counting, for example, starting in the middle of the array of objects. Procedural knowledge was assessed using speed and accuracy in counting objects. The patterns of change for procedural knowledge and conceptual knowledge were different. Counting speed and accuracy (procedural knowledge) improved with grade. In contrast, there was a curvilinear relation between conceptual knowledge and grade that was further moderated by children's numeration skills (as measured by a standardized test); the most skilled children gradually increased their acceptance of unusual counts over grade, whereas the least skilled children decreased their acceptance of these counts. These results have implications for studying conceptual and procedural knowledge about mathematics.     

初中生函数概念发展的研究

本研究通过测验法对北京市六所中学的802名初一至初三的学生进行调查,考察了初中学生函数概念的发展水平。结果表明,初中生函数概念的发展存在着较为特殊的年龄特征;学生所接受的学校教育内容显著地影响其函数概念的发展水平。但是,初中学生进行正与反、肯定与否定之间相互转化的辩证思维能力还较差;还有很大一部分(将近一半)的学生不能用运动、变化的观点来看待问题;初二是学生函数概念发展的一个转折点。从初二以后,学生无论是进行文字信息、还是图形信息加工的能力都有明显的增强,但将文字信息与图形信息进行转换的能力水平还很低;考察同类问题间的联系时,学生还不能脱离开问题的实际内容,概括化地理解抽象的数量关系。