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1.
The structure of Western musical pieces is delineated by several kinds of cadence. Half cadences in the main key indicate
temporary endings; authentic cadences in the main key indicate definitive endings. Authentic cadences in the dominant key
are of cognitive interest, since they mark a definitive ending at a local level but a temporary ending at a global level.
This study investigated the local versus global processing of these cadences. Participants were presented with sections of
16-bar minuets displayed on a computer screen in the form of a musical jigsaw puzzle. The sections consisted of either the
first or the second half of the minuet (8 bars each). The first section ended with either a half cadence in the main key (all
experiments), an authentic cadence in the dominant key (all experiments), or an authentic cadence in the main key (Exp. 4).
The second section always ended in an authentic cadence in the main key. Participants were asked either to join the two sections
of each minuet in the most coherent order (Exps. 1, 2, 4) or to rate the perceived completion of each section (Exps. 3, 4).
Numerous inversion errors were observed when the first section of the minuets ended with an authentic cadence in the dominant
key. Completion judgments indicated that these cadences were perceived as marking a definitive ending. Both facts suggest
that local processing of harmonic cadences prevails over global processing. This finding concurs with recent studies showing
that listeners had great difficulties in perceiving the higher-order organization of musical form.
Received: 30 September 1996 / Accepted: 20 August 1997 相似文献
2.
Emmanuel Bigand Richard Parncutt Fred Lerdahl 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1996,58(1):125-141
This study investigates the effect of four variables (tonal hierarchies, sensory chordal consonance, horizontal motion, and musical training) on perceived musical tension. Participants were asked to evaluate the tension created by a chord X in sequences of three chords {C major → X → C major} in a C major context key. The X chords could be major or minor triads major-minor seventh, or minor seventh chords built on the 12 notes of the chromatic scale. The data were compared with Krumhansl’s (1990) harmonic hierarchy and with predictions of Lerdahl’s (1988) cognitive theory, Hutchinson and Knopoff’s (1978) and Parncutt’s (1989) sensory-psychoacoustical theories, and the model of horizontal motion defined in the paper. As a main outcome, it appears that judgments of tension arose from a convergence of several cognitive and psychoacoustics influences, whose relative importance varies, depending on musical training. 相似文献
3.
This study examines differences in thinking styles among tribal (n = 272) and non-tribal (n = 229) secondary school students,
and their relationship with academic performance. Based on Sternberg’s (1997) theory of mental self government, MANOVA results indicated that thinking style of tribal and non-tribal students differed.
Regression results revealed that hierarchic and local thinking styles contributed positively while legislative, monarchic,
anarchic and global thinking styles contributed negatively to academic achievement of the students. 相似文献
4.
The effects of harmony and rhythm on expectancy formation were studied in two experiments. In both studies, we generated musical passages consisting of a melodic line accompanied by four harmonic (chord) events. These sequences varied in their harmonic content, the rhythmic periodicity of the three context chords prior to the final chord, and the ending time of the final chord itself. In Experiment 1, listeners provided ratings for how well the final chord in a chord sequence fit their expectations for what was to come next; analyses revealed subtle changes in ratings as a function of both harmonic and rhythmic variation. Experiment 2 extended these results; listeners made a speeded reaction time judgment on whether the final chord of a sequence belonged with its set of context chords. Analysis of the reaction time data suggested that harmonic and rhythmic variation also influenced the speed of musical processing. These results are interpreted with reference to current models of music cognition, and they highlight the need for rhythmical weighting factors within the psychological representation of tonal/pitch information. 相似文献
5.
Participants rated the perceived happiness, brightness, awkwardness, pitch velocity, and tempo change of ascending and descending musical scales in four modes (natural, melodic, and harmonic minor modes and the major mode). Only minor differences between ratings of natural, harmonic, or melodic minor scales or between ratings of parallel and relative major scales were found. Ascending scales were rated as happier, brighter, and more accelerating than were descending scales; ascending minor scales were rated as faster and more awkward than were descending minor scales. Musical keys in each mode were compared, and significant differences were found. Musical keys that started on a higher pitch were rated as happier, brighter, and faster and as speeding up more than were keys that started on a lower pitch. The data were consistent with previous findings and suggest that pitch and direction (contour), rather than mode or key, influence listeners' judgments of musical stimuli. 相似文献
6.
Adrian C. North Liam C. Mackenzie Ruth M. Law David J. Hargreaves 《Journal of applied social psychology》2004,34(8):1675-1708
Research on musical “fit” suggests that listeners might recall more of a radio advertisement if it features musical/voice content that corresponds with features of the advertised brand. This is because the music/voice should prime certain aspects of listeners' knowledge. Two studies were carried out to test this, each involving 5 specially prepared radio ads. The first indicated that musical fit enhanced recall of the products advertised, the brands advertised, and specific claims made during the course of the ad copy; and also participants' ratings of liking for the ad and likelihood of purchasing the advertised product. A second similar study considered voice fit and found that this could also promote recall of specific product claims and lead to higher ratings of liking for the ad and likelihood of purchasing the advertised product. These results confirm that both musical and voice fit can prime certain aspects of listeners' knowledge and also increase liking for ads, such that it might improve knowledge-based and affective responses to advertising. The theoretical implications of this are discussed in terms of the concept of involvement and what precisely is meant by musical/voice fit. 相似文献
7.
Francesca Shipp G. Leonard Burns Chris Desmul 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(4):557-564
Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the construct validity of an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention,
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder toward adults, academic
and social competence factor model with teacher ratings of Thai adolescents (n = 872) with the Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory. The five-factor model resulted in an adequate fit in
an absolute sense (i.e., CFI = .960; TLI = .985; RMSEA = .065; and WRMR = .883). All the items had significant and substantial
loadings on their respective factors (i.e., > .78) with the five-factors showing discriminant validity. The five-factor model
also resulted in similar results for boys and girls separately as well as younger and older adolescents. The current findings
with the teacher version of the measure in conjunction with earlier research with mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of Brazilian,
Thai, and American children (Burns et al., Psychological Assessment, 20, 121-130, 2008) and Thai adolescents (Burns et al., Psychological Assessment, 21, 635-641, 2009) provide increasing support for the construct validity of Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory within multiple
cultures. Procedures are also outlined to improve the content validity as well as test the construct validity of forthcoming
parent and teacher DSM-V ADHD/ODD rating scales. 相似文献
8.
The effects of global harmonic contexts on expectancy formation were studied in a set of three experiments. Eight-chord sequences were presented to subjects. Expectations for the last chord were varied by manipulating the harmonic context created by the first six: in one context, the last chord was part of an authentic cadence (V–I), whereas in the other, it was a fourth harmonic degree following a full cadence (I–IV). Given this change in harmonic function, the last chord was assumed to be more expected in the former context, all the other local parameters being held constant. The effect of global context on expectancy formation was supported by the fact that subjects reported a lower degree of completion for sequences ending on an unexpected chord (Experiment 1), took longer to decide whether the last chord belonged to the sequence when the last chord was unexpected (Experiment 2), and took longer to decide whether the last chord was consonant or dissonant when it was unexpected (Experiment 3). These results are discussed with reference to current models of tonal cognition. 相似文献
9.
Julian Schmitz Martina Krämer Jens Blechert Brunna Tuschen-Caffier 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(7):911-919
In the aftermath of a distressing social event, adults with social phobia (SP) engage in a review of this event with a focus
on its negative aspects. To date, little is known about this post-event processing (PEP) and its relationship with perceived
performance in SP children. We measured PEP in SP children (n = 24) and healthy controls (HC; n = 22), aged from 8 to 12 years, after the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Children also rated their performance
immediately after the TSST-C and 2.5 h later. SP children reported more negative and less positive PEP than controls. Regression
analyses indicated that negative PEP was associated with social anxiety and perceived task performance independent of comorbid
depression. The SP group rated their performance immediately after the TSST-C as worse compared to HCs and ratings remained
stable over the following 2.5 h. Results are discussed in relation to current theories of SP. 相似文献
10.
Vujanovic AA Bonn-Miller MO Potter CM Marshall EC Zvolensky MJ 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):129-135
The present investigation examined the incremental associations between distress tolerance, or the perceived capacity to tolerate
emotional distress, and global posttraumatic stress symptom severity as well as symptom cluster severity, beyond the variance
accounted for by number of trauma exposure types and negative affectivity. The sample consisted of 140 adults (72 women; M
age = 25.9, SD = 11.1) who endorsed exposure to traumatic life events, as defined by posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criterion
A (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Participants did not meet diagnostic criteria for current axis I psychopathology. Distress tolerance demonstrated significant
incremental associations with global posttraumatic stress symptom severity (p < .01) as well as re-experiencing (p < .05), avoidance (p = .05), and hyperarousal (p < .001) symptom cluster severity. Given the cross-sectional study design, causation cannot be inferred. Theoretical implications
and future directions for better understanding associations between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Sussner KM Thompson HS Valdimarsdottir HB Redd WH Jandorf L 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(1):60-71
Recent research underscores the need for increasing use of genetic testing for cancer risk in Latinos. This study examined
the influence of acculturation on attitudes, beliefs about and familiarity with genetic testing for cancer risk in a community-based
sample of Latinas in East Harlem, New York City (N = 103). Multivariate linear regression models analyzed the relationship of acculturation to: (1) familiarity (2) perceived
benefits (3) perceived barriers and (4) concerns about abuses of genetic testing for cancer risk. Controlling for sociodemographic
factors, results revealed that with increasing acculturation Latinas were more familiar with genetic testing (β = 1.62, SE = 0.72, p = 0.03), more likely to cite perceived benefits (β = 1.67, SE = 0.79, p = 0.04), and less likely to report perceived barriers related to genetic testing (β = −2.76, SE = 1.64, p = 0.10). Study results may help inform the development of culturally-appropriate health education outreach materials and
programs targeted to increase awareness, knowledge and understanding about genetic testing for cancer risk within Latinas. 相似文献
12.
Can tension in nontonal music be expressed without dynamic or rhythmic cues? Perceptual theories of tonal harmony predict that psychoacoustic roughness plays an important role in the perception of this tension. We chose a set of orchestrated chords from a nontonal piece and investigated listeners' judgments of musical tension and roughness. Paired comparisons yielded psychophysical scales of tension and roughness. Two experiments established distinct levels of these two attributes across chords. A model simulation reproduced the experimental roughness measures. The results indicate that nontonal tension could be perceived consistently on the basis of timbral differences and that it was correlated with roughness, the correlation being stronger as the perceptual salience of other attributes (such as high-pitched tones or tonal intervals) was reduced. 相似文献
13.
Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis Martin S. Hagger C. K. John Wang Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(1):55-68
The present study employed constructs from self-determination theory, social-identity theory, and the theory of planned behaviour
to examine the combined effects that social identity and perceived autonomy support exerted on attitudes, intentions and health
behaviour. A prospective design was employed measuring constructs from the theory of planned behaviour, group norms, group
identification, and perceived autonomy support at baseline and physical activity behaviour 5 weeks later. Self-report questionnaires
were administered to 231 pupils (male = 113, female = 118, M = 14.21 years, SD = .90). Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that group norms predicted participation in physical activities and
attitudes, but only for participants who identified strongly with their group. Perceived autonomy support predicted attitudes,
intentions and behaviour. The effects of perceived autonomy support and social-identity constructs were independent. It was
concluded that both social identity and perceived autonomy support should be included in the theory of planned behaviour. 相似文献
14.
Annie H. Takeuchi 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1994,56(3):335-346
Tonal structure is musical organization on the basis of pitch, in which pitches vary in importance and rate of occurrence according to their relationship to a tonal center. Experiment 1 evaluated the maximum key-profile correlation (MKC), a product of Krumhansl and Schmuckler’s key-finding algorithm (Krumhansl, 1990), as a measure of tonal structure. The MKC is the maximum correlation coefficient between the pitch class distribution in a musical sample and key profiles,which indicate the stability of pitches with respect to particular tonal centers. The MKC values of melodies correlated strongly with listeners’ ratings of tonal structure. To measure the influence of the temporal order of pitches on perceived tonal structure, three measures (fifth span, semitone span, and pitch contour) taken from previous studies of melody perception were also correlated with tonal structure ratings. None of the temporal measures correlated as strongly or as consistently with tonal structure ratings as did the MKC, and nor did combining them with the MKC improve prediction of tonal structure ratings. In Experiment 2, the MKC did not correlate with recognition memory of melodies. However, melodies with very low MKC values were recognized less accurately than melodies with very high MKC values. Although it does not incorporate temporal, rhythmic, or harmonic factors that may influence perceived tonal structure, the MKC can be interpreted as a measure of tonal structure, at least for brief melodies. 相似文献
15.
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is believed to impair EF, research using EF tests shows such deficits
exist in only a minority of those with ADHD. This study hypothesized that this disparity is largely due to the low ecological
validity of these EF tests. A 91-item rating scale of EF was constructed based on EF theories and found to represent 5 underlying
dimensions: Self-Management to Time, Self-Organization/Problem-Solving, Self-Discipline, Self-Motivation, and Self-Activation/Concentration.
Three groups were compared on these scales: Adults with ADHD (N = 146), Clinical control adults not diagnosed with ADHD (N = 97), and a Community control group (N = 109). The ADHD group had more severe EF ratings than did the Clinical group and Community control groups on all 5 scales
using both self and other-reported versions. Relationships between the EF scales and tests were low and mostly not significant.
Most ADHD adults were clinically impaired on the EF ratings but only a small minority were so on the tests. The EF ratings
were more highly associated with measures of deviant behavior (antisocial acts, crime diversity, negative driving outcomes)
than the EF tests, most of which were unrelated to such behavior. These results agree with previous research showing that
EF tests are largely unrelated to EF ratings and that EF ratings are more strongly associated with impairment in major life
activities, in this case deviant or antisocial behavior. Contrary to earlier conclusions based on EF tests, adult ADHD involves
substantial problems in EF in daily life. 相似文献
16.
Augustine Osman John E. Williams Kelly Espenschade Peter M. Gutierrez Jennifer R. Bailey Osman Chowdhry 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):202-214
The psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) were examined in adolescent psychiatric
inpatient samples. In Study 1 (n = 287), confirmatory factor analyses provided satisfactory fit for the four-factor (comparative fit index; CFI = 0.856) and
higher-order (CFI = 0.854) solutions. Using parcels as items, the fit of the four-factor model was improved substantially
(CFI = 0.935). Next, in the bifactor analyses, support was attained for a model that included a general factor and four domain
specific subfactors. In Study 2 (n = 195 inpatient youths), the MASC showed good scale reliability and concurrent validity. Results of the receiver operating
characteristic curve and binary logistic regression analyses provided adequate evidence for discriminative validity. In Study
3 (n = 40), test–retest reliability of scores on the MASC-10 scale over a 3-week period was adequate (r
tt = 0.83, p < 0.001) for children ages 8 to 11 years. 相似文献
17.
The purposes of this paper are to introduce the concept of perceived emotional demands–abilities (ED–A) fit and develop theory about how it relates to other fit perceptions as well as employee well‐being and performance outcomes. ED–A fit is defined as the perceived congruence or match between the emotional demands of the job and one's abilities to meet those demands. In two studies using occupationally diverse samples from Western and Eastern cultures, we empirically distinguished perceived ED–A fit from other fit perceptions (i.e. person–organisation, demands–abilities, needs–supplies, person–group, person–supervisor). In addition, across the two studies, we found that perceived ED–A fit accounted for incremental variance in job satisfaction, work tension, felt inauthenticity, burnout, self and supervisor ratings of job performance, and psychological need satisfaction, controlling for the effects of other fit perceptions. 相似文献
18.
Rapson Gomez 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(3):303-314
The study used multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) procedures
to examine the measurement and construct equivalencies for father and mother ratings of ADHD symptoms, recoded as binary scores.
Fathers (N = 387) and mothers (N = 411) rated their primary school-aged children on the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (Barkley & Murphy, 1998). For the multiple-group CFA analyses, the results involving differences in practical fit indices supported full measurement
and construct equivalencies, whereas the chi-square difference test showed lack of equivalency in five symptoms for factor
loadings, four symptoms for error variance, and the variance and mean scores for the hyperactivity-impulsivity factor. For
the MIMIC analyses, six symptoms lacked equivalency for thresholds. These findings extend existing data in this area. The
theoretical, psychometric and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Alcohol use and its associated problems among university students have attracted empirical investigation by researchers and
scholars. While many of these studies have reported a very high level of alcohol consumption and highlighted the various problems
this portends, alcohol-related perceptions of this vulnerable population, which could be germane to intervention aimed at
curtailing the problem, have remained largely under-researched. This cross-sectional survey examined the use and perceptions
of alcohol by student-patrons (n = 1,705) of beer parlours or ‘joints’ in three university communities in Southwest Nigeria. Respondents were interviewed
using AUDIT, a socio-demographic prototype and an open-ended section on alcohol-related perceptions of the students. Findings
indicated that overall, 72% of the respondents perceived that alcohol is good for socializing, 68% perceived that alcohol
is good in the aspect of stress reduction, 58% believed that alcohol consumption is indicative of maturity, 36% perceived
that alcohol enhances their sexual performance while 39% perceived that alcohol serves to enhance alertness/concentration.
Results also showed that gender (β = −. 23; p < .05), paternal alcohol use (β = .36; p < .01), parental socio-economic status (β = .33; p < .01), and residential status of university of respondents (β = .21; p < .05) significantly predicted alcohol use. The study concluded that perceptions about alcohol are very germane to understanding
students’ alcohol use and should be reckoned with in designing intervention programmes. The need to adopt a ‘client-centered’
approach to the problem of student drinking behaviour was emphasized. 相似文献
20.
Using an experimental design, male (n = 41) and female (n = 46) undergraduate students in the southeastern USA evaluated an identical written lecture by a male and female professor
on pay disparities between men and women in the workforce suggesting sex discrimination. Regardless of the students’ sex,
the male professor and his lecture was rated more positively and less sexist than the female professor. Moderated multiple
regression analysis indicated that more traditional and gender stereotypical attitudes toward women in male students were
related to greater sexism ratings of the female professor compared to the male professor whereas; no differences on ratings
of sexism between the male and female professor were found for male students with more liberal attitudes. 相似文献