凯恩斯的政治哲学及其启示

凯恩斯(John Maynard keynes,1883-1946)所构想的理想社会是伦理上合理的社会,是经济效率与社会正义相统一的社会形式;政治学乃是手段之学,相对于伦理目标而言,手段是可变的;国家是重要的政治工具,是补救自由放任之种种缺陷的强有力的工具。凯恩斯的政治哲学对于我们理解政治原则的灵活性和正确处理效率与公正的关系具有启发意义。     

论亚当·斯密正义伦理的价值错位

亚当·斯密既把正义作为一种具体的行为规范,又看作是一种美德或德性.但他主要是把正义作为行为规范来运用的.亚当·斯密的正义伦理呈现出一种价值上的错位,这种价值错位首先表现在主要作为行为规范的正义本来只具有底线的或很低级的价值,但亚当·斯密却赋予其德性或美德的性质与价值;其次,亚当·斯密正义伦理的价值错位表现在正义作为德性总是消极的,其德性价值的程度很低,从而与正义的社会作用极不相称.要解决正义伦理的这种价值错位,必须重建立足于人的统一性的新的德性伦理,倡导做一个具有正义美德的人.     

刑事简易程序价值定位分析

刑事简易程序作为一种特别的诉讼程序,由于其所适用的案件性质而决定了简易程序在价值选择上的特点即简易程序能够在坚持最基本的程序公正的同时,获取最大的效率,从而使公正与效率得到合理的价值组合,并在实践层面上实现其价值定位.     

经济伦理的价值蕴含

本文试图从伦理意义揭示经济伦理的价值 ,认为经济伦理的价值应该是功利价值、道义价值与文化价值三个方面的统一。功利价值体现着经济伦理的经济本性 ,在于促成经济利益最大化 ;道义价值体现着经济伦理的伦理本性 ,旨在促成自利行为公益化 ;文化价值体现着经济伦理的文化本性 ,致力于促成物性文化人性化。     

中国传统经济伦理思想的近代演变初论

中国传统经济伦理核心内容是对营利和私有产权的价值合理性的否定,中国传统经济伦理思想的近代(演变)可界定为鸦片战争前后至五四新文化运动时期资本主义性质的反传统衍变;其现代(演变)则是“五四”之后,资本主义和社会主义经济伦理思想相互交锋、消长、排斥与“融合”的历史进程。传统经济伦理思想近代演变的实质是为资本活动方式或资本的利益寻求工具价值和伦理合理性的过程,中国传统经济伦理的近代演变最终否定了资本主义经济制度的伦理价值合理性、确立了社会主义经济制度的伦理价值合理性。     

论现代科技活动伦理价值的追求与实现

现代科技活动本质上是一种功利化的工具理性控制力量,其价值理性受到遮蔽的结果必然引发生态的失衡和人的异化.实现科技工具理性合理改变世界的根本是接受价值理性的定向和约束,自觉追求科技活动的伦理价值.积极培育人们的科技价值理性是促进科技伦理价值实现的重要路径.     

论行政伦理的价值——21世纪初公共行政道德化趋势下的阐释

21世纪初公共行政现代性追寻与道德化趋势的耦合,赋予了行政伦理建设更深厚的价值合理性基础.行政伦理的价值是工具性价值与目的性价值的统一,前者表现为效率价值与管理价值,它发挥着"隐形制度"的约束与管理功能,是行政主体"自由裁量权"的价值准则;后者表现在公共行政的"公共性"性质及其内含的公平正义的价值上.公共行政的目的性价值彰显,是公共行政摆脱现代性危机、进行合法性重建的实现方式.行政伦理的工具性价值与目的性价值相互表征、相互澄明,并仰赖于特定的价值情境与机制.     

当代美国行政伦理的理论与实践

当代美国行政伦理的基本价值理念在个人价值上重视诚实和正义;在职业价值上重视专业和敬业;在组织价值上重视效率和规则;在合法价值上重视依法和守法;在公共利益价值上重视为公共利益服务。美国行政伦理规范经历了一个制定、修订和演进过程,并始终重视其管理和实践。美国行政伦理50年的建设经验,对我国社会主义行政伦理建设具有重要启示意义。     

企业伦理:意涵及其功能

企业伦理从日常伦理衍生而来,但也具有自身的场域逻辑;企业伦理主要涵括企业之于社会系统的责任伦理和企业中“利益相关者”之间的职业伦理;企业伦理的功能渐次演绎为“约束效用”、“工具效用”以及“价值效用”;在一定情境下,企业伦理与其组织功效、经济绩效其实还存在着一种“兼容性”。     

论伦理关系的特殊本质

首先,伦理关系是一种特殊的社会关系,较之于其他社会关系具有显著的特殊性;其次,从深层的意义上说,伦理关系是一种贯穿道德规定的价值关系;最后,伦理关系的实质和核心内容是主体与主体之间的伦理权利与义务关系。     

"伦理精神"及其"价值生态"——《伦理精神的价值生态》再版序言

“伦理精神”是本人伦理学研究中最基本、最有个性特点的核心概念,对它的涵义的理解应在世界道德哲学的语境中,结合“伦理”和“精神”各自的本质及其统一关系来进存。“价值生态”是“自然生态”概念的哲学提升和意义抽象,“伦理精神”和“价值生态”的结合是道德哲学的生态价值观和生态方法论。消解价值霸权,在“生态觉悟”中追求和达到“伦理学方法的超越”是“伦理精神的价值生态”命题和理论所试图探讨和解决的两个现实和学术课题。     

传统伦理学的价值伦理学转向

传统伦理学的价值伦理学转向,一是基于研究重心由“应当”问题转换为“德行之所以然”的问题,二是基于研究范式上由目的论、德性论、义务论等转换为价值论。作为传统伦理学的集大成者,康德伦理学一方面因其浓烈的价值论色彩而成为舍勒和N．哈特曼价值伦理学的前奏,另一方面因其“实质”内容缺失而致的形式主义又为后者的拓展提供了空间。舍勒,尤其是N．哈特曼的实质价值伦理学正是在康德伦理学的理论平台上得以建立的。     

Medical Ethics Research Between Theory and Practice

The main object of criticism of present-day medical ethics is the standard view of the relationship between theory and practice. Medical ethics is more than the application of moral theories and principles, and health care is more than the domain of application of moral theories. Moral theories and principles are necessarily abstract, and therefore fail to take account of the sometimes idiosyncratic reality of clinical work and the actual experiences of practitioners. Suggestions to remedy the illnesses of contemporary medical ethics focus on re-establishing the connection between the internal and external morality of medicine. This article discusses the question how to develop a theoretical perspective on medical ethical issues that connects philosophical reflection with the everyday realities of medical practice. Four steps in a comprehensive approach of medical ethics research are distinguished: (1) examine health care contexts in order to obtain a better understanding of the internal morality of these practices; this requires empirical research; (2) analyze and interpret the external morality governing health care practices; sociological study of prevalent values, norms, and attitudes concerning medical-ethical issues is required; (3) creation of new theoretical perspectives on health care practices; Jensen's theory of healthcare practices will be useful here; (4) develop a new conception of bioethics that illuminates and clarifies the complex interaction between the internal and external morality of health care practices. Hermeneutical ethics can be helpful for integrating the experiences disclosed in the empirical ethical studies, as well as utilizing the insights gained from describing the value-contexts of health care practices. For a critical and normative perspective, hermeneutical ethics has to examine and explain the moral experiences uncovered, in order to understand what they tell us.     

Autonomy,Relationality, and Feminist Ethics

While care ethics has frequently been criticized for lacking an account of autonomy, this paper argues that care ethics’ relational model of moral agency provides the basis for criticizing the philosophical tradition's model of autonomy and for rethinking autonomy in relational terms. Using Diana Meyers s account of autonomy competency as a basis, a dialogical model of autonomy is developed that can respond to internal and external critiques of care ethics.     

Can the West Save the East? Intrinsic Value and the Foundation of Chinese Environmental Ethics

Intrinsic value in nature is a key concept in professional environmental ethics literature in the West. Western scholars such as Holmes Rolston III and Paul Taylor argue that the philosophical foundation of environmental ethics should be based on the concept of intrinsic value in nature. Influenced by this concept, some influential Chinese environmental ethics scholars such as Yu Mouchang and Lu Feng argue that the foundation of environmental ethics in China should be based on the concept of intrinsic value in nature. This paper holds that the metaphysical, epistemological and ethical meaning of intrinsic value in nature is the legacy of Western philosophical traditions, which is in conflict with the Chinese philosophical traditions. Meanwile, the paper argues that the Daoist conception of living in harmony with nature can become the foundation for Chinese environmental ethics. The Daoist conception of living in harmony with nature is based on aesthetic appreciation of nature and people’s participation in the beauty of nature.     

PRIVATE PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS:

Abstract: This article argues that teachers of environmental ethics must more aggressively entertain questions of private property in their work and in their teaching. To make this case, it first introduces the three primary positions on property: occupation arguments, labor theory of value arguments, and efficiency arguments. It then contextualizes these arguments in light of the contemporary U.S. wise‐use movement, in an attempt to make sense of the concerns that motivate wise‐use activists, and also to demonstrate how intrinsic value arguments miss the mark. Finally, it offers some suggestions about further directions for environmental ethics, reasoning that there is a good deal of headway to be gained for environmental ethics by accepting that nature can be owned as property, but nevertheless engaging the idea of private property critically.     

But is it Unique to Nanotechnology?

Attempts have been made to establish nanoethics as a new sub-discipline of applied ethics. The nature of this sub-discipline is discussed and some issues that should be subsumed under nanoethics are proposed. A distinction is made between those issue that may ensue once nanotechnology applications become available and procedural issues that should be integrated into the decision structure of the development. A second distinction relates to the central value of the ethical issue. The conditions for the ethical debate differ depending on whether the value(s) in question is internal to the technological development (i.e. health and safety) or external to it (i.e. privacy, equity etc).     

德性伦理论要

德性伦理强调以人类自身的内在品质作为人的一切生活的出发点,这不仅使德性伦理在人类伦理思想的起源处规避着人类伦理生活的方向,而且在现代人类遭遇道德困境的形势下,又指示着人类伦理生活所应该采取的态度。德性伦理最终的理论指向便是将成就德性与明其规范统一起来,从而真正实现人自身的价值。在现代社会价值多元化的背景下,对传统德性伦理资源的挖掘,显得尤为重要。无论是亚里士多德的德性传统,还是原始儒家的德性传统,都可以为现代伦理理论的建设提供丰富的智性资源。     

中国传统女性伦理与礼仪及其现代价值

中国传统女性伦理与礼仪内容庞杂,糟粕精华并存。现代女性伦理与礼仪建设应当摒弃其中维护男性特权,束缚女性人身自由的非人道性的糟粕,承继其中具有现代价值的精华,从而建立人道、文明、科学的现代女性伦理与礼仪新体系。     

Comparative Religious Ethics and the Politics of Christian Identity

I present a brief historical narrative of the legacy of Christian ethics in comparative religious ethics (CRE) that attempts to make sense of the tensions within the field from the perspective of the politics of identity with reference to its changing content and practices—its internal history—and what might be called the background conditions—its external history—that shaped not only the content and methods of CRE but also its self‐understanding. Given the politics of Christian identity and the historical development of religious ethics within the American academy, I recommend that scholars of CRE adopt a more confessional mode of inquiry that makes explicit their ultimate commitments.